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100,000 egy men fought in eu, half died.
most fought ger colonies in afr,
in eu- mostly worked as labourers -
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conscription never intro- 4x more than other colonies combined
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was made president on INC
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helped in a tax dispute in gujarat
and in ahmebad a textile dispute -
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billy hughes austra, borden from canada and general jan smuts SA, invited to the imperial war cabinet founded by george lloyds in 1917 to symbolise the unity of the British empire during the war
but only held two meetings and the britsih dominated the cabinet- it only showed the views of the elites -
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president of national congress, 1928 and 1919
wanted industralised india and a muslim league -
strip ger of colonies now become mandates
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crowd gather jalinwala bah- celebrate holiday , officer dyre bring his men and machine guns and fire into crowd, killing men women and childre, told them to fire where there is the densest crowd.
led to ganhi, taking action, lost of brits moral supremacy 'more civilised' -
peace- all achieve with peace.
fought for dalit- intouchables, community and was against the caste systeem -
split gov into 2
upper body where 34 out of 60 officials were elected- more educated and skilled
lower body- provincial council wher 104 out of 144 mbs were elected- give representation to indians.
also known as the montagu-chelmsford reforms
montagu-secrtr state, chelmsfd- viceroy
DYARCHY- two governing bodies
allowed representation on votes, muslims and sikhs allowed to resume seats in parlmnt -
allowed the british to act as they saw fit, respond to things with violence- led to amritsar massacre
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failed, lead to a violent uprising, was meant to show swaraj- self rule., was ended due to chauri chaura incident 4 february 1922 where they set fire to a police station.
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in sudan, made dams and railroads inorder to make the cotton industry in sudan more profitable
£3million allocated -
took away the the ottoman empires territory
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subject of iraw, some self gov following rise in protests e.g. by kurds in 1920
ethnic divide, shias, sunnis and kurds
self gov of iraq, while brit in charge of important stuff, economy, military and foreign affairs -
appointed king faisal 1 of the hashemite dynasty ti be head of state but this was more as a concession because brit still own military and economic factors
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try to right the wrongs, promised protection for the interest of black africans
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gov set aside £10 million to invest in railways and educational facilities in west africa
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argues for trusteeship- mostly in east africa, give them more governance and influence over their own country
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growing tension palest and jews, eventually erupt- tension over access, lots of riots , thousands dead
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earmarked £1mill aside for investment into the colonies, not efficient, no where near enough
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give princely states more freedom and incorporate them into a united federal india- under ultimate brit rule, many didnt want to
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in 1930s - ganhi didnt attend he was arrested due to salt marches, overall no dom status given to india
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full co-operation between the two superpowers on foreign policy, the mosul fields very important for brits- lots of oil, negotiaited before end of ww1 with ottomans for british petroleum comp to control, iraq offered 20% of profit but this was later ignored by brits
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in form of mass movements
salt marches and just contradicitng brit rule -
undertook a 240 mile salt march on the 12 march 1930 to make salt from sea water, as a defiance to the brits monopoly and tax on salt
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dominions become autonomous
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nvr rlly stable- lost after 12 yrs of rule.
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led by linthigow- viceroy at time
gave more provicial govs
not enough, allowed more ppl to vote
ppl want independe -
suggest splitting up of palestine
rejected by arabs -
the south africans- some grps huge sprt for nazis- 5th regiment of Nazi's, would attack and hinder war effort.
In palestine at time the stern gang- jewish militia continue fight against brits- get them out
in india- subhas chandra bose and 30,000 align japan
in burma aun sang- align with japanes Brit loose confd and trust in emp -
they refused only want full independence
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ready to invade india, brit fears
end white invincibility idea -
made in 1942, challenge brit rule by aligning with axis powers and destabilis from within.
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led by gandhi- undermined brits during war
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shows idea of white supremacy defeated
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changed from sir reginal dorman-smith to a more liberal sir hubert rance, the re-appointment after ww2 finished of dorman smith was a point of contention as he wanted the physical restructuring of burma before any political, point of contention with the AFPFL-
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it realised it had little room to manouevre, it had already spent in excess of £100 million and 330 british soldiers had died