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Germany annexes Austria → no resistance -
Forces Germany to accept war guilt (War Guilt Clause)
Pay massive reparations
Lose territory and colonies
Military limited (100,000 soldiers, no air force) -
League of Nations protests, but no real punishment -
Germany’s U-boats tried to starve Britain by sinking supply ships
1935-1945 -
sanctions weak, Mussolini keeps Ethiopia -
FDR Churchill agree on war goals (self-determination, democracy) -
direct violation of Versailles, but Britain/France do nothing -
also known as lightning war which quickly crushes Poland -
to aid Britain and later USSR -
was a German Nazi concentration camp U.S forces liberated Buchenwald (April 11, 1945) and Dachau (April 29, 1945).
Soldiers found tens of thousands of starving prisoners and piles of corpses.
Many soldiers were traumatized by what they saw.
Liberators provided food, medical care, and shelter for survivors. -
32 nations attended → most expressed sympathy, but refused to loosen immigration laws. Dominican Republic offered to take 100,000 Jews; very few other commitments were made.
Nazi leaders mocked the conference, noting the world’s unwillingness to help. -
Britain France give Hitler the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia (appeasement) -
U.S. gave old navy ships to Britain in exchange for bases. -
to aid Britain and later USSR -
Luxury liner with 930+ Jewish refugees fleeing Germany.
Denied entry in Cuba, the U.S., and Canada despite pleas for asylum.
Forced back to Europe, about 250 passengers were murdered in the Holocaust.
Became a symbol of the world’s refusal to help. -
WWII officially begins; Britain France declare war -
Hitler Stalin agree not to fight, secretly divide Poland
WWII officially begins; Britain France declare war -
German bombing campaign, but RAF resists -
was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. -
Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. naval base in Hawaii
Over 2,400 Americans killed, battleships and planes destroyed -
Japan tried to lure U.S. carriers into ambush. -
Japan aimed to cut off Australia by taking Port Moresby. -
Proposed admission of 20,000 Jewish refugee children outside quotas.
Faced strong opposition in Congress and failed.
Polls: over 60% of Americans opposed raising immigration quotas even for children.
Result: children who might have been saved were left behind in Europe. -
a U.S. government agency created in January 1944 by President Roosevelt to rescue Jews and other victims of Nazi persecution during World War II -
Hitler’s last counteroffensive in Ardennes to split Allies.
(Dec. 1944–Jan. 1945) -
Liberate Nazi-controlled France, open a second front.
also known as D-Day -
Secure base for invasion of Japan.
April–June 1945) -
Founded in San Francisco in 1945 with the goal of maintaining peace and preventing future global conflict. -
Little Boy killed 70,000 people in the explosion, 60,000 from burns or radiation poisoning a few months later, and 110,000 were wounded or missing. -
fat man killed 25,000 people in the explosion and 55,000 people were wounded or missing. -
The formal surrender agreement, ending the war in the Pacific was signed; V-J Day. -
The Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946) were held in Germany.
22 major Nazi leaders were tried by an international military tribunal.
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson served as chief prosecutor.
Charges included war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy.
Established the idea that individuals — not just nations — can be held accountable. -
Truman Doctrine (1947) and Marshall Plan (1948)—economic and military aid to nations resisting communism. -
economic and military aid to nations resisting communism. -
The U.S. built alliances: NATO (1949) to protect Western democracies. -
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that codifies some of the rights and freedoms of all human beings