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Cheyney University is founded as the first Historically Black College or University (HBCU) in 1837. Cheyney's aim was to offer education to a disenfranchised population of African Americans and stood as the only institution doing so.
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From 1851 - 1902, at least 85 HBCUs are founded.
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The Second Morrill Act in 1890 required that segregated public higher education systems must also provide a land-grant institution for black students when a land grant was issued for an institution restricting black student enrollment. Due to this act, colleges would be founded and some private institutions would be absorbed by the state. Eventually a total of 16 colleges would be formed as a result of the Second Morrill Act.
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The Supreme Court, in Brown v. Board of Education, overturns Plessy v. Ferguson and states that separate schools are unequal. However, implementation decisions are delayed.
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In Brown v. Board of Education II, the Supreme Court requires desegregation and integration of all schools.
Complete desegregation would be a long process as implemented throughout the states. This would lead to many protests against integration, but the Court stated these instances should not prohibit the process.
This process would cause a decrease in enrollment at HBCUs now that they were not the only option for higher education. -
The Higher Education Act of 1965 authorizes funds for HBCUs and creates the term Historically Black College or University (HBCU). HBCUs were defined as any college founded prior to 1964 with a primary mission of educating black Americans. These institutions had to be accredited through a body recognized by the Secretary of Education.
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After noticing a mere 3% allocation to HBCUs of the $4 billion annual budget, President Richard Nixon meets with more than a dozen of HBCU presidents and promises more than $100 million increase to the colleges with $30 million immediately the following year.
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By fall 1980, 83% of black students enrolled in degree-granting institutions were not enrolled in HBCUs. HBCUs struggle to adapt to a reducing student population
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Under Executive Order 12232 National HBCU Week is celebrated annually
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President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 12232 to establish a federal program to surmount effects of discriminatory treatment and to strengthen/expand the means of HBCUs to provide quality education to their students. Carter's interest develops upon noticing the decline in HBCUs. Primarily, EO 12232 emphasized inclusion of HBCUs and Federal Programs.
This did not establish the Whitehouse Initiative on HBCUs, but is the 1st Executive Order pertaining to HBCUs. -
President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12320, to formally establish the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities, which set out to expand Carter's program and set into motion a government wide effort to strengthen HBCUs. The Secretary of Education was appointed to supervise development of the program. Reagan sought to drastically increase HBCU involvement of Federal programs and involvement of the private sector in this advancement by means of incentives.
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In 1989, President George H.W. Bush signed Executive Order 12677, which established a Presidential Advisory Board on HBCUs to advise the President & Secretary of Education on a variety aspects concerning the effort to strengthen HBCUs. EO 12677 continued to increase involvement of HBCUs in Federal programs.
The White House Office of National Service, with other Federal offices, also were charged with continuance of increasing private sector support and a focus on financial stability. -
President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 12876. EO 12876 required a senior level executive in each agency give oversight to implementation, as well as the Office of Management and Budget be involved in monitoring implementation of the order. The Order focused on further development and inclusion in Federal programs, increasing science and technology graduates, and the recruitment of students to HBCUs.
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President George W. Bush signed Executive Order 13256. EO 13256 served primarily as an extension of its predecessor, but did transfer the White House Initiative on HBCUs to the Office of the Secretary in the Department of Education, instead of its previous housing in the Department’s Office of Post-secondary Education.
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President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13532. EO 13532 served to extend previous orders with an introduction of elevating public awareness by improving identity & visibility of HBCUs via dissemination of quality information.
Obama would be criticized for efforts on the Order; only a slight increase in support due to factors unrelated to the initiative; suffer from policy changes in federal aid; annual meetings would fail to convene as planned; oversight fell to lesser titled staff. -
The Bipartisan HBCU Caucus was founded by Congresswoman Alma Adams. The Caucus was designed to promote & protect the interests of HBCUs by educating Congress and others about HBCU needs and dilemmas faced. The Caucus aims to support students of HBCUs by creating access and career opportunities.
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President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13779. This Order extends previous orders, but moves the Initiative back to Whitehouse oversight stating that HBCUs will be given a priority with the Trump Administration.
However, Trump has yet to select a leader for the Initiative, causing criticism and questions of where HBCUs are headed under his administration. -
The impact of the Initiative has provided more funds to HBCUs for development and advancement over the past 37 years, providing more educational opportunities for low socioeconomic & 1st generation minority students.HBCUs have seen an increase in enrollment numbers and even a higher salary, 8%, for their graduates compared to non-HBCU graduates. However, the percentage of blacks in the US receiving their degrees from HBCUs has continued to decrease.
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The Initiative has served its purpose of advancing & growing HBCUs via funding and support, although at a slower rate than hoped. With Obama's lack of emphasis on HBCUs and Trump's lack of promised priority, the future for federal support for HBCUs remains unclear.
If Trump fulfills his promise of HBCUs being placed a priority in his administration, these institutions could see tremendous gains, or minimally a reverting back to a homeostasis prior to Obama's Administration. -
References
Adams, A. (2017). https://adams.house.gov/bipartisan-historically-black-colleges-and-universities-hbcu-caucus. Retrieved 09 17, 2017, from www.house.gov: https://adams.house.gov/bipartisan-historically-black-colleges-and-universities-hbcu-caucus
American Urban Radio Networks. (2017). https://aurn.com/made-america-week/. Retrieved 09 17, 2017, from www.aurn.com: https://aurn.com/made-america-week/ -
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References
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References
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