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anti-apartheid struggle
struggle between the apartheid regime of South Africa and those who resisted it illustrates the complexity of some cases of civil resistance. -
India Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal. -
African National Congress party
The African National Congress is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election installed Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. -
policy of separate development
The policy of separate development sought to assign every black African to a 'homeland' according to their ethnic identity. Ten homelands were created to rid South Africa of its black citizens, opening the way for massed forced removals. -
South Africa Apartheid
The Apartheid (1948 to 1994) in South Africa was the racial segregation under the all-white government of South Africa which dictated that non-white South Africans (a majority of the population) were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups -
Group Areas Act
The main goal of the Group Areas Act was to reduce contact between the races, which under apartheid justification was meant to reduce conflict, but in reality was used as a way to use space and segregation as a mean of social control. -
Defiance Campaign
In 1950, the ANC started promoting demonstrations, mass action, boycotts, strikes and acts of civil disobedience. During this time, 8,000 black people are arrested "for defying apartheid laws and regulations." The South African Indian Congress (SAIC) worked in partnership with the ANC. -
mau mau rebellion
The Mau Mau rebellion, also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities -
Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution was a military and political effort to overthrow the government of Cuba between 1953 and 1959. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. -
Algerian War for Independence
The Algerian War was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. -
Ghana Independence Movement
On march 6, 1957, the Gold Coast (now known as Ghana) gained independence from Britain. Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president for life. -
Congo Independence Movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on june 30,1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. -
amendment to the 1913 Land Act
"The Natives' Land Act of 1913 defined less than one-tenth of South Africa as Black “reserves” and prohibited any purchase or lease of land by Blacks outside the reserves. The law also restricted the terms of tenure under which Blacks could live on white-owned farms." -
Cambodian Civil War
The Cambodian Civil War was a civil war in Cambodia fought between the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which had succeeded the kingdom. -
grand apartheid policy
apartheid, (Afrikaans: “apartness”) policy that governed relations between South Africa's white minority and nonwhite majority for much of the latter half of the 20th century, sanctioning racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. -
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution, refers to a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. -
agreement to restore land to its rightful owners
Land Back requires that settlers work to repair the harm colonialism has done and continues to inflict on Indigenous people by returning control