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BENITO MUSSOLINI- ITALY
fascism was an authoritarian political moment that developed in italy & other european countries after 1919.
-fascist program emphasized intense nationalism, productivism, anti sociallism, elitism & the need for a strong leader mussolini. -
JOSEPH STALIN-USSR
-joseph stalin was a powerful communist leader in the early years of the soviet union.He was a dictator who terrorized the population & send many people to prision & labor camps.
-one of the communist leaders greatest task was collectivize farming. stalin created a state-owned farms.
-while stalin was the leader he steadily increased his power. many of his enemies were shot or sent to siberia. -
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AXIS
-Germany, Italy & japan led a group of nations called the axis
-1930s the Nazi, leader was Hitler & try to take revenge to the countries that defeated Germany in WW1 & wanted world domination
-1930s japan invaded manchoria because it had alot of raw materials
-they want their own countries to grow & others to become weaker -
ADOLF HITLER-GERMANY
-a dictatorship requires one person & one party yo be in control of a nation & a c
-personal freedom disappear in nazi germany
-hitler asked hinderburg to grant him emergency power in view of "communist takeover" -
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ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY IN WW2 (PART C)
-torpedoes was used to destroy submarines & ships from long distance ,b/c bullets couldn't go far & do a lot of damage
-bombing raids, were use to destroy anything in a certain area ,such as factories that produce military equipment in WW2
-wolf packs were German submarines that had mass-attack tactics against convoys. a group of ships,warships& submarines that attack a certain target all at once -
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JAPANS WAR EXPANSION
-japan wished to replace European imperialism in Asia with the imperialism of an Asian power
-place & dates japan invaded: Manchuria 1937 , southern Indochina 1941
-Roosevelt froze Japanese assets in the USA by cutting or all trade with japan -
GERMAN EXPANSION
-the german invasion of western poland on 1 sep. 1939 led to WW2. between 1939 & 1941 the german army invaded & occupied many countries including the netherlands, belgium,lexembourg,france,denmark,norway & western poland. the invasion of poland led both britian & france to declare war on germany ,& then began war , because german invasions continued more of the countries declared war on the germans & their allies which caused a international response of war. -
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VOLUNTEERISM IN WW2 (RED CROSS)
AT HOME: began blood donor services in America to produce life saving plasma for the anned forces,served in hospitals,produced energy supplies,collected serap,ran victory gardens& maintained training programs
OVERSEAS: become the chief providers of relief supplies in Europe , served as field director provided support for troopers,operated dubs,& were attached to military hospitals -
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ALLIED
-great Brittan,united states of America,soviet union,France led a group of nations called the allied
-in 1941 congress voted that a state of ever existed between USA & japan
-war caused by German expansionism England & France were unprepared for war
-when Hitler invaded Poland,WW2 began -
RATIONING
-rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources & goods.
-rationing items were gasoline,tires,meat,butter& jellies.
-people had to use "rationing goods" which were issued to each family based on its size. -
M1 SEMI AUTIMATIC RIFLE & RADAR
-the design of the M1 allowed the Americans to fire more shots against their German & Japanese couterparts
-battle were won by the side that was first to spot enemy airplanes ,ships, or submarines, the radar helped see hundreds of miles away even at night. -
CIVILIAN DEFENSE ORGANIZATION
Roosevelt set up the office of civilian defense(ocd) to coordinate state & federal measures to protect civilians in war-related emergency. The OCD organized the US citizens defense corps. to recruit & train volunteers to perform essential tasks -
ROSIE THE RIVER
-1945 nearly one out of every four married women worked outside the home"Rosie the riveter" star of a gov. campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for the munitions industry, became perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war. -
WAR BONDS
-way to remove money 4rm circulation as well as reduce inflation.
-people would buy bonds & the gov. promised to return to them w/interest after 10yr. or more
-gov. needs the $ to pay 4 war equipment. -
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CODE TALKERS
-Navajo code talkers played a key role in the pacific campaign. the American military needed an undeciphotable code that could not be broken by the Japanese.the Navajo language is unwritten and extremely complex, American forces could transmit messages by telephone & radio in a code that the Japanese were unable to break -
WACS
women joined the new women's army corps after basic training most of these women took clerical jobs in the military.women replaced jobs formerly helped by men, a shipbuilding & aircraft proanction. the idea was to have women fill jobs held by men to send more men to war. between 1941-1945more than 6.5 mil.women entered the work force . -
PEARL HARBOR
-2 waves of Japanese airplanes attacked the US pacific fleet stationed in pearl harbor
-attack sank 18 US ships
-damaged 260 airplanes
-killed & injured 6,000 Americans
-famous quote "a date which will live in infamy-the US of America was suddenly&deliberately attacked by naval & air forces of the empire of japan" -
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066
DESCRIPTION:U.S presidential executive order signed& issued during WW2,by Franklin d Roosevelt authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones,clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans -
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 PT 2.
CAUSE: the attack on pearl harbor in december 1941 led to growing suspicions largely by racism & fear about the loyalty of Japanese Americans
EFFECT -Japanese ancestry was classified as "enemy aliens" curfews were instituted & assets were frozen 120,000 Japanese American were informed that the gov would FORBLY remove them from their communities to relocate centers -
BATAAN DEATH MARCH
-the Bataan death march happened after the US surrender of the Bataan peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers. allied prisoners were forced to march 65miles to prison Campos, where thousands died from disease, mistreatment & situation -
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
-the battle of midway pushed the war tide in favor of the allied powers since it was one of the most decisive US victories against japan.
-the US inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese navy
*this was the turning pain of US against japan -
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U.S OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION
RESPONSIBILITIES-control the content & imagery of war messages & make citizens aware of how far they could help in the war-effort
ACTIVITIES-produced radio programs,newsreels ,asked citizens to contribute time & money,create products,conserve resources,donate,& stir up distrust to lower enemy & population morals to promote surrender -
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ISLAND HOPPING
island hopping was effecting the tide in favor of the allied powers b/c they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the islands, through the offensive against the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon archipelago which had marked the beginning of "island hopping" fought between august 1942 & February 1943, eventually succeed on forcing japan to relinquish the island -
LIBERATION CORPS
-the purpose of this student porgnizaton was to prepare highschool students to aid in the war effort on homefront lines.
-both girls & boys from white & african american schools participated.
-students participate in physical fitness program & enroll in a war effort class -
KOREMATSU V. UNITED STATES
-korematsu was a Japanese-American convicted of staying in a restricted area
-he believed his constitutional rights were violated
-Roosevelt ordered that the constitutional liberties may be limited during war time
-this case went against the executive order 9066
-50 yrs later congress apologized & payed reparations to jap-americans. -
VICTORY GARDENS
-as part of the war effort, the gov. rationed foods like sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs coffee, meat, & canned goods.
-the gov. turned to its citizens & encouraged them to plant "victory gardens"
-gardens help make sure enough food & supplies were available
for home & the troops during WW1 -
FLYING TIGERS
-1ST American volunteer group of the Chinese air force .
-tigers primary mission was to protect the Burma w/ the rest of china.
-DEC20.1941, tigers destroyed 4 Jap.bombers.
-tigers had highest kill-loss ratios of WW2 -
WAVES
-women accepted for volunteer emergency service (WAVES),was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel during WW2. WAVES were an official part of the navy,its members held the same rank & ratings as male personnel. WAVES could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft , and initially were restricted to anty in the continental US. at the end of WW2 , there were over 8,000 female officers. -
HIGGINS BOATS
-higgins boat were a landing craft used extensively in amphibious landing in WW2. The crafts were design by andrew higgins based on boats made for operations in swamp or marshes. -
ERWIN ROMMEL
-field Marshall Erwin Rommel was one of Germans most popular generals during WW2 ,on "d-day" he discussed with other officers about surrendering. due to his ties to the plot over throw Hitler he was murdered -
BERNARD MONTGOMERY
-senior British army officer in the African European won. (theater)
-commanded the British 8th army & 21st army during the euro. campaign
-was over all British troops on June 6 1944 "d-day" -
CHESTER W. NIMITZ
-Was leading the US navy authority on submarines
-he was the USA last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-admiral Chester was appointed commander in chief of the US pacific fleet just after pearl harbor.
he commanded US forces at the battle of midway
- this battle halted the Japanese advance in the pacific -
ISORKU YAMATO
-Japanese Marshall admiral & commander in chief of the combined fleet
-played avital role (executed the surprise attack)in pearl harbor which made japan victories -
DOUGLAS MCAUTHOR
-American 5 star general & field Marshall of the Philippine army
-mcauthor was chief of staff during WW2
-led the US army in "island hopping" in the south west pacific campaign -
OMAR BRADLEY
-was a highly distinguished 4 star general of the US army who saw distinguished service in north Africa & western Europe during WW2
-from the Normandy landings of June 6,1944 through to the end of the war in Europe , he commanded all US Ground forces invading Germany from the west
-commanded 43 divisions w/ 1.3 million men -
GEORGE PATTON
-led the US 7th army in its invasion of Sicily & swept across northern France
-pattons forces played a key role in defeating the German counterattack in the battle of bulge
-patton died in Germany in December 1945 of injuries sustained in an automobile accident -
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
-he was a supreme commander of allied forces
-led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on d-day(June 6,1944)
-leading republicans convince Eisenhower (then in command of nato forces in Europe) to run for president -
GEORGE MARSHALL
-secretary of state, George c. Marshall ,proposed that massive aid be given to the countries of war-torn Europe to rebuild their economies
- believed this aid would create strong European allies & trading partners for the US
-plan included aid to Germany&Italy,in married contrast to the policies of the voters following WW1
-plan was successful & benefited the American economy in helping to rebuild war torn Europe -
D-DAY
effected the war tide for the allies positively b/c the battle foreshadowed the end of Hitlers dream of Nazi domination. d-day was the largest air,land,& sea operation undertaken. the landing included over 5,00 ships 11,000airplanes, & over 150,00 service men. by the end the allies had reached the seine river, Paris was liberated & the Germans had been removed from northwestern France, effectively concluding the battle Normandy -
POTSDAM CONFERNCE
-Roosevelt(us),Churchill(UK) & Stalin(Russia) met in yolta
-they agreed on the formation of the united nations ,& that Germany would be divided into four zones occupied by Russia,UK,US, & France
-free elections would also be passed soon after differences began to emerge -
NUCLEAR WEAPON
-president harry truman decided to use the atomic bomb against japan. after bombs were dropped on hiroshima & nagasaki in august japan surrenderred WW2, in which ocer 70 million people died when it was over -
THE US & EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (after WW2)
-in the US the war happened after the great depression. 30%unemployment was cut down to less than 5% after the employment boost due to the war. the European countries were left to rebuild. the US lended money to the countries & Germany was the only country to fully pay it back in 1990 -
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
-African American military pilots (fighters&bombers) who fought in WW2.
-1ST black service men to serve as military aviators in US armed forces.
-US air force did not exist as a separate entity. the army RESISTED Using black men as pilots but, in response to a pending lawsuit conceded to creating a segregated unit for them. -
WOMEN & MINORITY (after WW2)
-while the men went to fight in the war the women were left to work in the factories.after the war men came back to reclaim their positions at factories but the women didn't want to give them up. spurring up the feminist movement. in the war men of color fought along side white men for the first time. when they got back from the war they were treated with the same racial sivurs. sparking the civil rights movement