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Avicenna is considered to be the greatest philosophical thinker of medieval Islam, and was the most influential name in medicine from 1100-1500 (Avicenna).
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The acclaimed founder of Logical Positivism.
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"..probability and statistics was not solely a development of a field of mathematics; it was a new intellectual creation that involved parsing the social and natural worlds in ways that were very different from medieval and modern frameworks. It involved a shift from thinking of events in the world as being causally determined to thinking of them as emerging from a set of probabilistic laws or regularities. It is at bottom a question of metaphysics not mathematics (Little)."
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[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-RBaGLtjEc] Particle Physicist to Anglican Priest, John Polkinhorne is a leading figure in the integration between Science and Religion, impacting scientific philosophy for many.