-
216 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen described he owed to earlier Greek physicians like Hippocrates, Herophilos, Celsus, Alcmaeon, Praxagoras, Herophilos, Erasistratus and Asclepiades. Galen mentioned earlier physicians by name in his books, helping preserve their names in history, because it is through Galen that we learn about the discoveries some of these earlier scientists and physicians made. -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
-
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin received an invitation to join the HMS Beagle as ship's naturalist for a trip around the world. For five years, the Beagle surveyed the coast of South America, leaving Darwin free to explore the continent and islands, including the Galápagos. He filled dozens of notebooks with careful observations on animals, plants and geology, and collected thousands of specimens, which he crated and sent home for further study. Published the book he got famous and respect. -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Alfred Russel Wallace recommend what is best described as a theory of intelligent evolution.He helped discover Evolution and then became extinct. The research of British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace played a pivotal role in developing the theory of natural selection. But over time, Charles Darwin became almost universally thought of as the father of evolution. -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or which immediately sold out its initial print run. By 1872, the book had run through six editions, and it became one of the most influential books of modern times. Darwin, son of a successful English doctor, had been interested in botany and natural sciences since his boyhood, despite the discouragement of his early teachers. -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
Germ theor is in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. In the 19th century Pasteur showed that fermentation and putrefaction are caused by organisms in the air -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
This simple Louis Pasteur experiment is perfect for teaching kids the basics of microbiology.designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient broth could out of random generate microbial life. He set up two experiments. In both, Pasteur added nutrient broth to flasks, bent the necks of the flasks into S shapes, and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes. -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Mendel was a scienist but also an Augustinian friar of the Catholic church. Mendel concluded on this law after finding when breeding white and purple colored flowered plants it was not a mix of the two colors, but really one color was chosen over the other -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determiningallele frequencies in populations
Godfrey Hardy was an English mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a german physician. They found the definition of evolution was developed largely as a result of independent work in the early. In 1908 they concluded mathematical modeling based on probability. That gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but that evolution should be expected in all populations virtually all of the time. -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
In 1909 Morgan Conculde that the white eye trait followed patterns of sex chromosome inheritance was at once very specific and very grand. Then test crosses, Mendelian ideas of inheritance had been enthusiastically discussed by many researchers in the context of new findings about chromosomes. Morgan, however, had long resisted the idea that genes resided on chromosome because he did not approve of scientific data acquired by passive observation. -
The Innocence Project is founded
In 1992 The Innocence Project was founded by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck at Cardozo School of Law, exonerates the wrongly convicted through DNA testing and reforms the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
In 1928 Frederick Griffith, in a series of experiments with Diplococcus pneumonia like bacterium responsible for pneumonia, witnessed a miraculous transformation. During the course of his experiment a living organism had changed in physical form. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species
In 1937 the Origin of Species was published. It was most for the biologists for the language that they could understand, filled soome equations with natural history and experimental population. Genetics extended the synthesis to speciation and other cardinal problems leave out the mathematicians. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
McClintock’s 1950 PNAS Classic Article summarized years of experimental data in support of Ds and Ac transposition. McClintock noted that Ac and Ds could transpose that their insertion could lead to unstable mutations, and that the movement of transposons from the mutated loci could restore a gene’s function. -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis, proposed by George Wells Beadle in 1941, is the theory that each gene directly produces a single enzyme. Which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway. Beadle demonstrated that one gene in a fruit fly controlled a single also specific chemical reaction in the fruit fly, which one enzyme controlled.This concept helped researchers characterize genes as chemical molecules and it helped them identify the functions of those molecules. -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
Ernst Walter Mayr was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a tropical explorer, ornithologist, philosopher of biology, and historian of science. His work put up to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept. -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Jacques Cousteau was a French undersea explorer, researcher, photographer and documentary host who invented diving and scuba devices. At a young age he suffered from stomach problems and anemia as a young child. -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Nucleic acids carry the genetic code that determines the order of amino acids in proteins. Nucleotides are smaller units of long chains of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide has
a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and an organic base which fall into 2 groups. -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
Both scienist Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase publish the findings of their blender experiments, which conclude that DNA is where life's hereditary data is found. This experiment was made with a blender. Hershey and Chase use the blender to separated the protein coating from the nuclei of bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria. -
Miller-Urey experiments published
In the 1950's, biochemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey, conducted an experiment which demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed by earth. They found that several organic amino acids had formed out of random from inorganic raw materials. These molecules collected together in the pool of water to form coacervates. -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
In image 51 you see more the shadow of the DNA than the DNA itself. An interactive on the NOVA site explains how the pattern of an X indicated a helix, and, crucially, how missing "smears" in the image at the fourth layer indicated a double helix. -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Watson and Crick were only two of many scientists working on figuring out the structure of DNA.On February 28, they found that the structure of DNA was a double-helix polymer or a spiral of two DNA strands. Each containing a long chain of monomer nucleotides around each other. DNA replicated itself by separating into individual strands each of which became the template for a new double helix. Then it became the best most selling book. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a template for new synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Matthaei combined the synthetic RNA made only of uracil with cell sap derived from Ecoli bacteria and added it to each of 20 tubes. This time the hot test tube was phenylalanine. The results were great and simple at the same time after an hour, the control tubes showed a back ground level of 70 counts, the hot tube showed 38,000 counts per milligram of protein. The experiment showed that a chain of the repeating bases uracil forced a protein chain made of one repeating amino acid, phenylalanine. -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface sheep. She was born to her Scottish Blackface surrogate mother on 5th July 1996. Dolly’s white face was one of the first signs that she was a clone because if she was genetically related to her surrogate mother she would have had a black face. Dolly was important because she was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Dr. Margulis was doing research on the origin of eukaryotic cells. She looked at all the data about prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and organelles. She proposed that the similarities between prokaryotes and organelles, together with their appearance in the fossil record, could best be explained by "endo-symbiosis". -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.”
This essay was written in 1973. He was an Ukrainian- American geneticist and evolutionist. His work had a major influence on 20th century thought and research on genetics and evolutionary theory. -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
Lucy was found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray at the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. He spotted a right forearm bone and quickly identified it as a hominid. He saw an skull bone, then a femur, some ribs, a pelvis, and the lower jaw. Two weeks later, after many hours of excavation, screening, and sorting, several hundred fragments of bone had been recovered, representing 40 percent of a single hominid skeleton. Lucy was named after the Beatles’ song “Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds.” -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
In 1977, scientists exploring the Galápagos Rift along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific noticed a series of temperature spikes in their data. They wondered how deep ocean temperatures could change so drastically from near freezing to 400 °C in such a short distance. The scientists had made a fascinating discovery deep sea hydrothermal vents. They also realized that an entirely unique ecosystem, including hundreds of new species, existed around the vents -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosomes are huge they are found in eukaryotic nuclei. They get together on RNA polymerase II transcripts.. This is called pre-messenger RNA splicing is an essential step in eukaryotic mRNA synthesis. Every human cell contains about 100,000 spliceosomes, which are responsible for removing over 200,000 different intron sequences. They contain proteins, yeast and RNA -
The Sanger Technique is developed
In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed the classical “rapid DNA sequencing” technique also known as the Sanger method. Is to determine the order of bases in a strand of DNA. Special enzymes are used to synthesize short pieces of DNA, which end when a selected “terminating” base is added to the stretch of DNA being synthesized. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Dr. Mullis joined the Cetus Corporation in Emeryville, California, as a DNA chemist in 1979. During his seven years there, he conducted research on oligonucleotide synthesis and invented the polymerase chain reaction. A method of amplifying DNA, PCR multiplies a single, microscopic strand of the genetic material billions of times within hours. The process has multiple applications in medicine, genetics, biotechnology, and forensics. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
Tommie Lee Andrews was convicted a man of rape on the basis of the DNA fingerprint of his blood. An expert in genetics analysis had testified that the DNA fingerprint of Tommy Lee Andrews' blood matched that of the rapist's semen. -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
In 1913 Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. The motion of the electrons in the Rutherford model was unstable because, according to classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory, any charged particle moving on a curved path emits electromagnetic radiation. -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
CRISPr/CAS 9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in science. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of potential applications. The system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change into the DNA. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil is one of the oldest known species in the human family tree. This species lived in West central Africa like time between 7 to 6 million years ago. This species is like an ape and like a human combine together. Base on the teeth scientist said it may only eaten leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, nuts, and insects. -
Human genome is fully sequenced
A genome is an organism's complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid known as DNA. DNA molecules are made of two twisting, the strand is made of four chemical units, called nucleotide bases. The bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Bases on opposite strands pair specifically; an A always pairs with a T, and a C always with a G.The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which stay in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
The Denisovans are the very limited fossils found. The first fossils were discovered in 2008. When a small bone fragment of a finger was found, two teeth were found afterward. The DNA was care for and was able to be extracted and has yielded excellent genetic analysis. -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard Lynn Bible died by lethal injection at 11:11 a.m. Thursday in Florence for the 1988 murder. He also rape a girl that his DNA blood was found on the little girls shirt.
