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Birth Of Islam
The birth of Islam was a main part of Muslim's religion but they were split into Shia and Sunni Muslims. This eventually will cause problems in countries because of the differences and an example of that is Iraq and Iran and the conflict between them. -
Period: 622 to 750
Islamic Empire Expansion
Islamic empires were made and this was called the Islamic Caliphate and this helped Islam to be more known. The empires created were Ummayad, Safavid, Abbasid, Ottoman empires -
Ottoman Empire Falling
The Ottoman Empire was the longest-lasting dynasty in Islam and in the world. The Ottoman Empire fell in 1922 at the end of WW1 because they sided with Germany but this created the country of Turkey to be created
Ottoman Empire History -
Post WW1 Countries
Most countries in the Middle East were controlled by the British and French but Turkey and Iran were independent. The British and French land were called mandates because they weren't supposed to be there forever just until a stable government was made. -
Post WW2
All the mandates and territories turned into their own countries because post WW2 no country could afford their territories/mandates. The areas that became countries are Iran, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, and Lebanon. -
OPEC
OPEC is the organization of petroleum exporting countries. It's the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf The members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. It's important because the US and China are the biggest users of oil and because it's the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea connects to the Mediterranean Sea and that's the route for trading.
OPEC History -
Iran Elections
In this election, the US and British got involved. The US and British backed up Shah Pahlavi Raza and he was running against the communist party candidate which is Mossadaq. Mossadaq eventually got cancer and left the country for treatment in this time Ayatollah Khomani, who was removed from Iran, came back into the country and overthrew Mossadaq and became Iran's leader. -
Iranian Revolution
66 American hostages were taken causing the US to not like Iran. The revolution ended modernization in Iran and this led the society to go backward and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to become the leader.
Iranian Revolution
Iran Hostage Crisis Fast Facts -
Iran-Iraq War
It was a war about the Persian Gulf and the struggle of the border to get more land for ports. The US supported Iraq because of the opposition of Ayatollah and supported Saddam Hussein instead. It ended in a stalemate meaning no one got land.
Iraq-Iran War Video -
Iran Contra Affair
The CIA got weapons and gave them to Israel and then Iran bought them from Israel at a high price and somehow all that equipment was sent to Nicaragua and this made the US involved in Nicaragua to stop the communists in the country.
Iran-Contra Affair
US and Iran Relationship Timeline -
Iraq Accuses Kuwait Of Stealing Oil
Iraq accuses Kuwait of stealing oil and the UN doesn't do anything causing Iraq to invade Kuwait and this will cause many problems in the future for countries in the Middle East.
Iraq Accuses Kuwait of Stealing Oil Washington Post Article From the 90's -
US and Saudi Arabia Coalition
Saudi Arabia asked the US to protect them because they were scared about Iraq invading them. This made Osama Bin Laden offer his army (the mujha Haden) to protect Saudi Arabia instead. Saudi Arabia saw him as a threat, so they rejected his offer, which angered Osama Bin Laden because the US was in their holy land. After that, Osama hated the US, which led to future issues between both. -
Osama Bin Laden Leaving Sudan
Al-Qaeda is a stateless organization and that made Osama Bin Laden to leave Sudan and live in different parts of the world. After he left Sudan more terrorist attacks happened causing everyone fear. -
President Bush Sent Troops to Somalia
President Bush sent troops into Somalia but US troops were being shot down and Al-Qaeda was to blame because they taught the Black Hawks in Somalia to shoot. This increased tension between the US and Al-Qaeda.
Bush Orders US Troops To Somalia -
First World Trade Center Bombing
Terrorist attack that foreshadowed 9/11.
World Trade Center Bombing 1993 -
Osama Bin Laden goes back to Afghanistan
He hides in Afghanistan and then a car bombing happens in Saudia Arabia, the Khobar Towers bombing, and he had something to do with it. Americans were killed in the bombing and this angered the US causing more tension.
25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers bombing -
Fatwa/US Embassy Bombings
Osama Bin Laden declared war on the US. 2 American embassies were bombed in Kenya and Tanzania and this caused Bill Clinton to send missiles to Al-Qaeda training camps hoping that they would be scared or lose their army.
Bill Clinton's Response to Bombings -
Terrorist Attacks
Jordan stopped 4 bombings, 4 Al-Qaeda groups were arrested because they wanted to bomb LAX, Yemen had an almost boat bombing. All of these foreshadowed 9/11. -
9/11
This upset the US because they lost many people due to the attack and caused President Bush to declare the War on Terror.
9/11 Memorials -
War on Terror
Afghanistan refused to hand over Osama Bin Laden and this caused the US to deploy troops in Afghanistan to find him.
Global War On Terror -
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Arab Springs
Anti-government protests caused an increase in human rights and women's rights in the Middle East.
Arab Spring -
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Israel Bombing Lebanon
Beruit, Lebanon was bombed by Israel causing people to flee the city
Lebanon Bombing Video -
International Responses of Different Countries About Terror
Other Countries Responses:
The UK created foreign policies to fight terrorism and to remove it.
Saudi Arabia created terrorism laws to make sure that people who created terror got punished.
Canada created specific measures to limit terrorism in terms of their laws and policies.
