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It is stated in the US Constitution that household surveys are to be conducted every 10 years so that taxes are distributed appropriately. source
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It took 18 months for surveyors to go door to door and survey all thirteen states. Native Americans who did not pay taxes were not counted and African American Slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person. source
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The first US Census forms were are printed and used. source
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Questions on agriculture, fishing, and mining are used. source
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For the first time all free household members are asked for their names and occupations, not just the head of household. source
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The fourteenth ammendment is ratified and African Americans are counted as a whole person. source
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For the first time the Native Americans and Chinese are enumerated in the survey. source
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For the first time, simple machines are used to count for the US census. source
