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Introduction
In this task, I will be creating a timeline to visually depict milestones on how the passenger transport industry has changed post-World War 2. This will be shown on Billboards around the UK to celebrate how Passenger Transport has emerged in the last 60 years. -
Noise pollution
Noise pollution has escalated due to urbanisation, industrialisation, and transportation growth. Things such as airplanes, vehicles, and construction machinery, have amplified noise pollution. Additionally, the proliferation of electronic devices and urban lifestyles has contributed to noise pollution in residential areas. Public awareness and innovative urban planning are crucial to minimize noise pollution and create healthier, peaceful environments for everyone. -
Taxes
Over the past 60 years, the United Kingdom has undergone several changes in its tax system. Income tax rates have fluctuated over the years. In the 1960s and 1970s, the top rate of income tax was as high as 83%. However, subsequent decades saw a series of reductions in income tax rates. In recent years, there have been additional adjustments to tax brackets and rates, aiming to align with economic conditions and government priorities. -
Protest camps
Protest camps have undergone notable changes and developments over the past 60 years. They have played a significant role in various movements such as anti-war, civil rights, environmental, global justice, and indigenous rights. Technological advancements and the rise of social media have influenced their strategies, facilitating coordination and amplification of messages. These camps have adapted their tactics, employing consensus decision-making, direct action, and non-violent resistance. -
Emissions
Global emissions have increased, due to industrialisation and increased energy consumption. Greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), have risen due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These emissions contribute to climate change and global warming. Efforts to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources have gained momentum in recent years, but since the mid-20th century, it shows a substantial rise in emissions. -
Planning regulations
Town and Country Planning Act 1968 introduced the concept of development plans and established the framework for land-use planning. It emphasized comprehensive planning at the local level and laid the foundation for planning legislation. Housing and Planning Act 2016 introduced measures to speed up the planning process, promote the supply of housing, and address issues related to affordable housing. -
Privatisation
Over the past 60 years, privatization has been a significant economic and policy shift in many countries, including the United Kingdom. In the 70's-80's, The UK was embarked on an ambitious program of privatisation in the 1980s. State-owned industries, including telecommunications, gas, electricity, and water, were gradually privatised. In recent years, the focus of privatisation has shifted. There has been a greater emphasis on the disposal of minority stakes in previously privatised companies. -
Introduction to budget airlines
The first budget airline was in 1973. Budget airlines have stimulated competition in the aviation market, forcing traditional airlines to adjust their pricing and service models. This competition has led to overall lower airfares, as airlines strive to attract passengers. The growth of budget airlines has created employment opportunities within the aviation industry. These include jobs in flight operations, customer service, maintenance, ground handling, and more. -
Airport expansion
Over the past 60 years, airport expansion has undergone substantial changes. Airports have expanded their infrastructure, including terminals, runways, and auxiliary facilities, to accommodate larger aircraft and growing passenger numbers. Advanced technologies have been implemented for security, baggage handling, and passenger services. Environmental considerations have gained importance, leading to efforts in noise reduction and emissions control. -
Air passenger duty
Air Passenger Duty was first introduced on 1 November 1994 as a tax on passengers departing from UK airports. Initially, it was set at two rates based on whether the destination was within the European Economic Area (EEA) or outside the EEA. -
Opening of the channel tunnel
The channel tunnel opened on the 6 May 1994. The opening of the channel tunnel has changed passenger transport because it has allowed people to travel from the UK to France by train. The Channel Tunnel has increased travel options for passengers, offering an alternative to air and ferry travel. This has provided more flexibility and choice when planning trips between the UK and continental Europe. Compared to air travel, trains through the Channel Tunnel produce lower greenhouse gas emissions. -
Commuting
Commuting refers to the act of traveling to work or school on a regular basis, usually via public transport or by driving. A way that commuting has change in the passed 60 years is by the expansion of Public Transportation. Many cities have expanded their public transportation systems, including buses, trains, and subways. This has provided commuters with alternative options to driving, helping to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce environmental impacts. -
Technology - online check-in
Online check in was introduced in 1999 and Alaska Airlines was the first airline to offer it. Online check-ins allow customers to check in to their flight and choose their seat online before they get to the airport. This can save time and help to avoid long lines at the airport. -
Introduction of congestion charges
"The first Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, introduced the congestion charge at £5 a day in February 2003 with the aim of reducing traffic congestion in and around the charging zone." The charge initially applied to a specific area known as the Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ) in central London. The charging hours were Monday to Friday, between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. -
Technology - Smart motorway
Smart motorways were first introduced in 2006. Smart motorways are designed to ease congestion by using technology to monitor and manage traffic flow. They use variable speed limits, hard shoulder running and, in some cases, extra lanes to help keep traffic running smoothly. -
Widening of motorways
Widening motorways allows for additional lanes, which increases the overall capacity of the road. This enables more vehicles to travel, reducing congestion and improving traffic flow. As a result, passenger vehicles experience reduced travel times and improved journey reliability. Widening motorways often includes improvements in safety features such as wider shoulders, improved signage, and updated barriers. These can help to have a safer driving environment and reducing the risk of accidents. -
Increase in car ownership
"There has been a steady increase in the number of cars in the UK over the past thirty years driven by increases in the population and more so by the number of households as well increased economic prosperity. Growth has also occurred due to the increase in the number of people with driving licences; there is now nearly one car for everyone with a driving licence. Projections using different assumptions suggest a further growth of 30% by 2020." -
Customer Lifestyles
Customers lifestyle have changed dramatically over the past 60 years, with the rise of technology and globalisation. Technology has changed customers lifestyles within Passenger Transport because customers are now able to do thing on their own. -
Income
Over the past 60 years, income levels and patterns have undergone significant changes globally. Incomes grew rapidly and at the same rate up and down the income ladder, roughly doubling in inflation-adjusted terms between the late 1940s and early 1970s. Income has changed over the year and now offers equal pay for everyone. -
Bibliography 1
https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/drivers/smart-motorways
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/877039/commuting-in-england-1988-2015.pdf
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-29/the-commuting-principle-that-shaped-urban-history
https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality -
Bibliography 2
https://ifs.org.uk/articles/income-and-wealth-inequality-explained-5-charts
https://www.racfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/car-ownership-in-great-britain-leibling-171008-report.pdf
https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/news/planning-reforms
https://www.aef.org.uk/air-passenger-duty/
https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=efl_fac_pubs#:~:text=During%20the%20early%20years%20of,War%20(Phillips%2C%201985). -
Bibliography 3
https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/congestion-charge/#:~:text=History%20of%20the%20London%20congestion,and%20around%20the%20charging%20zone.
https://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/noise-pollution-is-a-major
https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/25613/html/
https://www.budgetairlineguide.com/low-cost-airlines-history-how-it-all-got-started/#:~:text=The%20budget%20flight%20revolution%20began,viability%20of%20low%20cost%20flights. -
