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Humans discovered agriculture which is the deliberate cultivation of edible plants.
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The food surplus lead to the first large settlements like Jericho in Palestine.
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The metal plow allowed them to open areas to cultivation that wouldn't normally be used because they were too rocky or the soil too hard.
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Mesopotamia was the first urban society where many cities managed the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
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The Sumerians, who established the first civilization in Mesopotamia, were the ones to first use mathematics.
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The first time a single military managed to conquer and unite many of the Mesopotamian cities. He was Sargon the Great.
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The most substantial code was the Hammurabi's law which went into detail about the rights and obligations of the Babylonians.
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The only female known female pharaoh, Hatshepsut.
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The Iron Age beings as the Bronze Age comes to an end. Iron made for stronger tools.
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An Egyptian Priest, Manetho, recorded the definitive history of the ancient kings and created the notion old, middle, and new kingdoms.
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The beginning of the development of civilization starts with agriculture. It allowed them to produce a more stable food source. Then came mathematics, this helped the cities in Mesopotamia to manage the rivers. Another big discovery is the Bronze Age, where they were able to make stronger weapons to aid them in war and stronger tools like the plow to make agriculture more effective.