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President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This law made it illegal to discriminate against a person based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin for public accommodations and employment. (Journal of Pan African Studies, 2015)
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President Johnson issued an executive order that forbid discrimination in federal contracts. The National Organization for Women convinced the president to include women in the order before it was signed. (Hallum, 1973)
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Bernice Sandler used the executive order to retain her job and tenure at the University of Maryland .
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Sandler joined U.S. Representative Edith Green and Patsy Mink in drafting the first idea of Title IX.
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Senator Bayh introduced the revised ERA bill with amendments that would become Title IX to Congress.
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On June 23, 1972, Title IX is signed into law by President Nixon. He did not mention the law included access for women in discussing the law.
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Senator Jacob Javits modified the Tower amendments (removed revenue producing sports for Title I) to language that directed the Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) department to add provisions to consider the nature of a specific sports.
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The NCAA challenged the legality of Title IX.
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HEW issued the final policy interpretation and standards for compliance; 100 complaints were filed claiming discrimination in sports.
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The Supreme Court ruled that Title IX applied to any institution receiving federal funds directly or indirectly.
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Female athletes sued Temple University under Title IX for equity in athletic budgets, scholarships, and participation rates among male and female athletes.
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Senator Mosely-Braun and Representative Collins sponsored the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) requiring co-educational institutions
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The United States Department of Education (USDoE) published a policy guide that weakened the survey requirements for learning female students' interest in sport.
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The Obama administration and the U.S. Department of Education issued guidance directing that transgender students are protected from sex-based discrimination under Title IX.
