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Title IX Enacted
President Nixon signed the newly created Title IX of the Education Amendments -
Tower Amendment
Senator Tower proposed an amendment to exclude sports from Title IX that made money based on revenue and donations. The proposed amendment was rejected. -
Title IX Regulations
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) created Title IX regulations as directed by Congress. These regulations would tell how Title IX would be enforced. -
Ford Signs Title IX Regulations
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare's Title IX regulations were signed by President Ford which were then submitted to Congress. -
Title IX Effective
The Title IX regulations became effective and allowed elementary schools one year and high schools/secondary schools and colleges three years to comply to the law. -
Athletics Bill
Senator Helms tried to prevent the use of Title IX regulations in athletics. This bill was shut down and not passed. -
HEW Draft Title IX Policy
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare issued their final draft and the Title IX policy concerning intercollegiate athletics. -
North Haven Board of Education v. Bell
The United States Supreme Court took on a case involving sex discrimination in the workplace. Title IX was upheld in this court case. -
Grove City v. Bell
The United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal spending clause only applies to those programs that receive federal financial help. This essentially ended the Title IX application to athletics. -
Civil Rights Restoration Act
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 was passed by Congress despite President Reagan's veto. It essentially neutralized the decision made in the Grove City v. Bell case. The enforcement in athletics of Title IX began again. -
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
The United States Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs of Title IX cases were entitled to monetary settlement for being intentionally discriminated against. -
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) of 1994 was passed by Congress and required schools who received federal funding and have intercollegiate athletics to disclose the information about those athletics and where the money is distributed. -
Department of Education's Appropriations Act of 1996
Representative Hastert proposed an amedment that did not allow the Office of Civil Rights to enforce Title IX regulations in collegiate athletics until they gave more specified guidelines. -
First EADA Reports Due
The first Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act reports were due for universities and colleges. -
Cohen v. Brown University
The United States Court of Appeals rejected Brown University's challenge that they had done nothing wrong by demoting two women's varsity teams from university-funded to donor-funded. The two teams were reinstated. -
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education
The United States Supreme Court ruled that students can sue for sexual harassment and that the school is liable for damages.The two conditions for which the school can be liable are if the harassment is severe and if the school is aware of the harassment. -
Title IX Legal Manual
The United States Department of Justic issued the Title IX Legal Manual that gave an overview of the principles that various federal agencies use to enforce Title IX. -
National Wrestling Coaches Association v. US Department of Education
The United States Court of Appeals dismissed an appeal by coaches who were claiming that Title IX discriminated against men and that the law should be made illegal. -
Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
The United States Supreme Court ruled that parents could now sue schools for sex discrimination. This ruling was held under Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. -
Damages to College Athletics
Title IX has virtually ruined college athletics. Schools now have to eliminate storied athletic programs in order to comply with Title IX. In the last 10 years, over 30 colleges have been negatively affected by the law and that numbers keep rising. Despite now having more women's teams than men's teams, most colleges have to continue eliminating men's teams. The law has no relevance in current collegiate athletic programs as men are being discriminated against.
