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Brown v. Board of Education
In Brown v Board of Education, the court ruled, based on the 14th Amendment, that, "To separate them [children in grade and high schools] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone" (Brown v. Board of Education, 2016).
This image, is of page 11 of the unanimous court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. -
PARC v. Commonwealth
PARC v. Commonwealth was a revolutionary case that followed Brown v. Board of Education. This court case was precedent in establishing a right to education for all students. This case was the basis in creating the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) enacted in 1975 (Rothstein & Johnson, 2021). Link to informational video: https://study.com/academy/lesson/parc-v-commonwealth-of-pennsylvania-in-1972-summary-significance.html -
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia was a court case that followed PARC v. Commonwealth in order to create a basis for the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. This case was brought about because six children had been denied a public education based on alleged mental, physical, behavioral, and emotional disabilities. The courts ruled in favor for plaintiff on the basis that they were denied their constitutional rights (Rothstein & Johnson, 2021). -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first disability civil rights law enacted in the United States. This act prohibits the discrimination of individuals with disabilities in any programs that receive federal funding (Section 504, Rehabilitation Act of 1973 | U.S. Department of Labor, 1973). -
FERPA
FERPA stands for the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, this act gives parents the right to have access to their students educational records, the right to seek to have the records amended, and the right to have some control over personal identifiable information included in their students educational record (What is FERPA? | Protecting Student Privacy, 2019). -
Public Law 94-142
Public Law 94-142 guarenteed a free, public education to all students with disabilities in every state and locality across the country. The precedents for this law were the court cases of PARC v. Commonwealth and Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia. This law pushed forward so many changes to benefit and protect all children with disabilities and ensure that they have an equal education (Fisher, 2007). Video link: https://mn.gov/mnddc/rud-turnbull/rud-turnbull-04.html -
Board of Education v. Rowley
Board of Education v. Rowley amended the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 to define the term of free and appropriate education (“Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley | law case,” 2019). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a reform of Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 in order to create a more inclusive plan. IDEA makes it easier for states to seek funding in order to serve individuals with disabilities. IDEA also provides free and appropriate education to all students starting as young as 3 years old (Rothstein & Johnson, 2021) -
No Child Left Behind Act
The focus of No Child Left Behind Act was to close the education gap by providing children with fair, equal, and significant opportunities to high quality education. NCLB established state standard and state testing systems to meet federal requirements (No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 | OSPI, n.d.). -
Every Student Succeeds Act
Every Student Succeeds Act was passed in 2015 to help ensure that all students and schools are able to succeed. This law has many provisions like preparing students from college and careers as well as upholding protections for disadvantage and high-risk students (U.S. Department of Education, 2017).