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“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”
Socrates's philosophy explores morality. Prudence, justice, courage, piety, and others were discussed. Socrates states no one chooses evil; no one chooses to act in ignorance.He believed that virtue could be known, but he did not claim to possess it. He also believed that anyone who understands what virtue is must act virtuously. Therefore, those who behave badly do so because they are ignorant of about the true essence of virtue. -
“If a man neglects education, he walks lame to the end of his life.” Plato believed that their mistakes were caused by incorrect interaction with forms, such as Justice, Beauty, and Equality. Plato sees education as a method of achieving both individual and social justice. Individual justice, according to Plato, can be accomplished when each individual develops his or her talent to the fullest. In this context, justice entails greatness. Excellence is virtue, according to the Greeks and Plato. -
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”
His intellectual and scientific system underpinned medieval Islamic philosophy and Christian Scholasticism. after the intellectual upheavals of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment, Aristotelian ideas persisted in Western thought. Aristotle's ethics, or study of character, is predicated on the idea that people must develop a virtuous character in order to obtain happiness or well-being. (eudaimonia). -
“It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows.” Epictetus supports integrity,self-control, and personal freedom by having his students examine two key concepts: "volition"(prohairesis) and the right use of impressions(chrsis tn phantasma).Epictetus has had a substantial impact on the popular moralistic tradition, but he is more than just a moralizer; his lucid resystematization and challenging application of Stoic ethics make him an important philosopher in his own right. -
"It is not wisdom but authority that makes the law." Thomas Hobbes is English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651). Hobbes argued that the fundamental principles of morality or the laws of nature require us to establish peace, and that this can only be done through the institution of an absolute monarch. He argued that only the sovereign has the authority to make laws governing our conduct. -
“I think; therefore I am.” Descartes' signature doctrine is the concept of the dualism of mind and body. His theory regarding the separation of mind and body, known as Cartesian dualism, influenced later Western philosophies. Descartes attempted to establish the distinction between the human spirit and body. Philosophy seeks happiness-enhancing wisdom, according to Descartes. Descartes believes virtue is enough for “perfect contentment of mind and inner satisfaction.” -
"The discipline of desire is the background of character." It is the science of acting in such a way as to gain things that are beneficial to and useful to us from our human abilities. Ethics is "the seeking out those Rules, and Measures of humane Actions,which lead to Happiness, and the means to practice them," according to him. He believed we might feel our minds at work and receive thoughts for reflection. He believed that experience—both sense and reflection—creates coherent notions. -
"There is no such thing as freedom of choice unless there is freedom to refuse." The relationship between morality and reason, the function of human emotion in thought and action, the nature of moral judgement, human sociability, and what it means to lead a moral life are all topics that are addressed by Hume's ethical philosophy. Also, he contends that it is part of human nature to share in others' laughter and tears as well as to look out for the welfare of others as well as one's own. -
“Thoughts without contents are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind.” His exhaustive and systematic work in epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics had a profound impact on all subsequent philosophy, particularly the numerous Kantianism and idealism schools. Kant's ethics are organized around the concept of a "categorical imperative," which is a universal ethical principle stating that one must always respect the humanity of others and act in accordance with rules that could apply to all. -
“Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives," Jean-François Lyotard is most known for his 1979 book The Postmodern Condition, which he disliked. The word "postmodernism," which was already in use in other domains such as the arts and literature, was thrust to the forefront of debates in Western philosophy. He also made significant contributions to aesthetics, philosophy of science and language, among other fields.