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Jethro Tull's seed drill planted seeds efficiently in neat rows. This was a major change from the old method of scattering seeds by hand. It greatly improved cropped yields and was part of the Agricultural Revolution. This Innovation helped increase the food supply needed for later population growth. Image: Tull, Jethro. “English: Seed Drill.” Wikimedia Commons, 1731, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jethro_Tull_seed_drill_(1762).png. -
The Newcomen engine was the first practical steam engine. It pumped water from mines, demonstrating a change of energy use. This began the shift from water/wind power to steam. It laid the foundation for more powerful machines of the industrial Revelation. Image: Wikimedia.org, 2025, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_%28Heat_Engines%2C_1913%29.jpg/640px-Newcomen_atmospheric_engine_%28Heat_Engines%2C_1913%29.jpg. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
This was a huge Financial crash from stock speculation. It showed the risks of new capitalist systems. However, it also demonstrated continuity with traditional boom and bust cycles. The government's response showed the state's ongoing world and managing economies. Image: “File:The South Sea Bubble.jpg - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, Aug. 2023, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_South_Sea_Bubble.jpg. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
This weaving invention sped up cloth production significantly. It represents a key change and textile manufacturing technology. It also disrupted the balance between spinners and weavers in the cottage industry. This began the series of innovations that would lead to factory production. Image: “File:Flyingshuttle Big.jpg - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, 2022, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flyingshuttle_big.jpg. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
Around 1750, philosophers promoted reason, rights, and liberty. This was a huge intellectual change that challenged monarchs and the church. However, it showed continuity as most peasants remained unaffected. Their world was still defined by tradition and local Customs. Image: “File:Просвітництво.gif - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, 24 Dec. 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.gif. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
In the 1760s, this system saw merchants give materials to royal families to make goods. It shows continuity as production was still home-based, not in factories. Yet, it was a change that integrated peasants to a market economy. People now worked for wages, rather than only for sustenance. Image: “File:Double Carder.JPG - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, 2022, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Double_carder.JPG. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
Hargreaves' machine allowed one person to spin many threads at once. This was a dramatic change in product of capacity for the textile industry. It began making home-based spinning obsolete. This pushed production towards larger, centralized Workshops and early factories. Image: “File:Spinning Jenny Helmshore 6108.JPG - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, 12 Apr. 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinning_Jenny_Helmshore_6108.JPG. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
Smith argued for free markets and laissez faire economics. This book was a major intellectual change, as a challenged mercantilism. It provided a new blueprint for creating national wealth. His ideas also justified the growing power of the capitalist middle class. Image: “Blocked.” Wikimedia.org, 2025, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wealth_of_Nations.jpg. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
In 1781, Catherine the Great formally codified the rights of the nobility. This action strengthened the institution of serfdom, tying millions of peasants to the land. This demonstrates a powerful continuity with the feudal past. While Western Europe was changing, Russia's society and economy remained based on this traditional, unfree labor system. Image: Wikimedia.org, 2025, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/S.V._Ivanov._Yuri%27s_Day.%281908%29.jpg. Accessed 18 Nov. 2025. -
This invention mechanized weaving, completing the textile processed revolution. It is a final example of change, making production faster and less reliant on skill. This firmly shifted work from cottages to factories. It set the stage for the full industrialization of the 1800s. Image: “File:Modern Power Loom-Marsden.png - Wikimedia Commons.” Wikimedia.org, 2022, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Power_Loom-marsden.png.