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(1509-1547)
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Creates the Anglicane Church and makes King Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England -
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Prayer book, written in English, for everyone to understand -
The poor laws were passed in 1553, 1597 and 1601, establishing the idea that central and local governements had the responsibility of helping the poor. It also established a distinction between “deserving poor” and the “undeserving poor” and created very harsh laws against beggars and vagrants. This system stayed in place until the 19th century
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In this speech, the queen uses for the first time the two bodies theory -
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abolished the authority of the pope, restored the authority of the queen over the church -
elizabeth married “the kingdom of england”, her subjects are “all my husbands, my good people” -
Royal progresses in summer, where Elizabeth travels through the her kingdom, each year between 1559 and 1579 -
in 1567 -
6000 catholic insurgents create a rebellion against the religious reforms of Queen Elizabeth I -
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Made it treason for anyone to say that elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales -
(1577-1580)
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Act to retain the queen’s majesty’s subjects in their due Obedience, provided for death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to catholicism -
A plot to kill Elizabeth was discovered. Mary Stuart was involved in this plot -
Following the discovery of the Babington plot, in which she was involved, Elizabeth decides to execute Mary Stuart -
Reinforced Queen Elizabeth I legitimacy, she described herself as having the body of a woman but the guts of a king -
The English beat the "Indestructible" Armada, Elizabeth has "god on her side", and will use this to promote Anglicanism -
in 1603 (at 69 years old) -
in 1603 -
With the same King, the crown of Scotand and Englad unite, but! not the kingdoms
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1603-1625
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(5 november 1605) a conspiracy by a small group of catholics. Their aim was to blow up the English parliament and to kill James I. This plot failed -
in 1607 -
the king tried to introduce a financial reform, the “Great Contract” of 1610. The King would receive a fixed sum. Some of the MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the king would be financially independent)
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a new english translation of the Bible(the King James Bible) completed in 1611 -
(1618-1648), many military defeats because of Lord Buckingham (counselor of the King). England at war with Spain and France
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James summoned a parliament in 1621 to ask for money for war against Spain, it got refused. James tore the Commons’ Protestation and dissolved Parliament
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The 1624 Parliament agreed to finance the war on Spain
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1625 -
(1625-1649)
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Parliament wrote the Petition of rights in 1628, they requested the King to recognise the illegality of his extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial -
January 1629, the King declared another adjournment (again...). The MPs did not let the Speaker of the House put an end to the discussion (if he doesn’t get up to announce the adjournment, it does not happen). They passed the Three Resolutions (whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom) -
The Personal Rule (1629-1640), the 11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament. Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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In 1637 King Charles Ist attempted to draw the church of Scotland (calvinist) into line with the Church of England (anglican)
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1637 scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a new prayer book
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The Scots invaded England and emerged victorious. A peace treaty was signed, the treaty of Ripon, oct 1640 -
Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years, to get money to fight the Scots (1640), it will only last 3 weeks -
Charles had to call parliament again
“The Long Parliament”, it will not be dissolved until 1660 -
in october 1641, an armed revolt broke out in Ireland, Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers, was a massacre of 3000-4000 protestants -
Declared that the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament. This took away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted
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This document voted by Parliament to summarize all the wrongdoings of Charles Ist and concluded on “revolutionary” demands. Divided Parliaments into Royalists and Parliamentarians -
Charles Ist marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest the 5 MPs (January 1642) -
22 August 1642, Charles formally declared war on Parliament
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the first civil war, Royalists against Parliamentarians. Parliament won. (1643-1646)
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The new model army was created in 1644 by the Parliamentarians -
In June 1645 the Battle of Naseby was a turning point of the civil war, the royalist forces weakened -
in May 1646 the King and the Royalist side surrendered
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In November 1647 the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots
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In June 1647, the New Model Army seized the King because they had not been paid for months
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The army wanted the king to be tried, conservative MPs wanted to negotiate with the King. Colonel Pride (army) then entered the House of commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs. -
Lasted from February 1648 to August 1648, the Royalists were defeated once again, thanks to Cromwell -
The Irish Rebellion led by Irish Catholics was crushed by Cromwell and his troops -
between 2 reigns, failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell
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1649 -
Monarchy got abolished, the house of lords got abolished, the house of commons had supreme authority, England was declared a Commonwealth that ruled as a republic.
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Some sects were declared blashemy, and atrocities were made towards them -
Cromwell crushed the uprising of the Scots Royalist force led by Charles II in 1651
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1653, England’s first and only written constitution -
20 April 1653 Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament, by force, ordering the MPs to leave -
16 December 1653 end of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate
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a military dictatorship, similar to a monarchy without a King, in which Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector
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in 1660, it promised: a general amnesty, to continue religious toleration, to share power with Parliament -
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King restored 29 May 1660
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all ministers had to swear to conform to the book of common prayer, restoration of bishops in the House of Lords and to their place in the Church -
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Rumor of a plot organised by the french to murder Charles II and replace him with his Catholic brother James II
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne, Charles dissolved Parliament
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Charles died in 1685 and was succeeded by his catholic brother James II -
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In 1688 James’ second wife gave birth to a son (catholic), problem because his Protestant daughter will no longer be the heir -
William of Orange invades England to seize the crown. James II fled to France and William became King William II. Willam was welcomed, no blood shed -
established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants -
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a key political text, fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers, set out the rights of Parliament, set out basic civil rights -
ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs, stopping quarrels with Parliament -
creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland) -
Unites the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland → creates the United Kingdom