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During his reign Henry VIII had 6 wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Catherine of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr, his only goal was to have an heir son.
He was first a Catholic but since the Pope refused to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, he decided to be Protestant therefore separating himself from the Catholic Church. -
Martin Luther a German Monk decided to write a critique about Indulgences and the business that was created around them.
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This event caused the separation with the Catholic Church.
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Little by little the King seizes the powers of the Pope and the Clergy all for himself.
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King Henry VIII annulled his very own marriage.
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The King was able to annul marriages. Power that only the Pope had.
Just to be able to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. -
Act of Supremacy: the king Henry VIII was made Supreme Head of the Church of England.
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The monasteries were disbanded because they were considered bastions of popery, the crown then got all the lands and income of the monasteries.
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Part of the population was against the dissolution of monasteries so they decided to protest. This event is referred as the Greatest rebellions.
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English bibles were mandatory in every churches.
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At only 9 years old, Edward VI became king which makes him a very young king.
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Edward VI's mom was Jane Seymour.
As he became a king at a young age he could not rule by himself, his uncle Edward Seymour was his Lord Protector.
Edward just like his dad was a Protestant. -
Revision of the mass-book. Led to a lot of changes such as the eradication of Roman Catholic practices, the clergy was allowed to get married.
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At only 15, Edward VI died from tuberculosis.
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After the death of Edward VI, Mary I took over and became the first Queen of England.
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She was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
She was a Catholic just like her mom.
In only 18 months she restored Catholicism.
She is called Bloody Mary because she caused the deaths of a lot of Protestants.
Her husband was Phillip II of Spain, a Catholic.
During her reign she was not liked by the population. -
People who dared to proclaim themselves as Protestants were burned alive in front of a crowd. At least 200 Protestants went to the stake.
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She died of illness.
The nation was against her, so they were pretty happy about her passing.
Even her husband didn't seem to be so touched about her death. -
Became queen of England after 25 years of religious reforms, she had to stabilize the country and find some compromise to keep everyone satisfied.
She was a queen for 45 years and unmarried during her entire reign. -
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This act abolished the authority of the Pope and restored the authority of the queen over the church. She was made the supreme head of the church.
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The book of common prayers was made mandatory again, every parish had to use it, it was also mandatory to attend anglican services, if not, you were fined.
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3 important changes with these articles: a new ecclesiology, a new doctrine of Salvation and a new definition of sacraments of the mass.
Plus, it sated the religious belief of the church. -
People were against religious reforms, they wanted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary, Queen of Scots.
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The Pope decided to write a devastating critique about Elizabeth I. He called her "the so called queen" or even "a heretic favoring heretics". Almost allowing catholics to kill her as it would not be considered as a sin.
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The Pope decided to excommunicate Elizabeth I after he realized that she will not bring back catholicism in England.
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The writing that the Pope published led to this new act. Treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true queen.
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It was forbidden to convert to Catholicism, if someone dared to convert, death penalty was the punishment. It was also forbidden to participate or to celebrate the Catholic mass and anglican services were mandatory.
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Young catholics sworn to kill Elizabeth and to replace her with Mary queen of Scots. Through coded letters, they communicated with Mary, but the strategies were discovered as the letters were deciphered.
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After the Babington plot, Mary was punished for treason as she was apparently a part of this whole plot who was set to replace Elizabeth I with her.
She was therefore executed. -
The so great Spanish armada was defeated thanks to the great strategies of England and Elizabeth I.
This was exactly what Elizabeth I needed to prove herself as a real queen who knew what she was doing for her people. -
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart). He was first King of Scots (James VI) but then became the first king to rule over 2 countries, Scotland and England.
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She died at 69, after a long reign of 45 years.
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Catholics who had faith in him were extremely disappointed when he refused to restaure catholicism. Catholics decided then to organize a plot against him, they wanted to blow him up. They eventually failed.
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A fixed sum that the king would receive, but the members of parliaments refused to vote in favor of the great contract, because of that the king dismissed Parliament.
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A new English translation of bible was published under his reign. He was also a protestant.
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England was at war with Spain and France. Because of that England faced enormous debts.
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This was made to limit the powers of the king and to make him recognize it. The king was not happy but decided to sign it anyway.
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This declared that whoever tried to bring in Popery or Arminianism or to alter the Protestant reforms of the Church of England was an enemy of the kingdom and it was also forbidden to advise the king to collect custom duties without the Parliament's consent.
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The king ruled 11 years without calling a parliament.
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The King tried to introduce Anglicanism in Scotland (a Calvinist Church). Widespread public discontent. The king also tried to impose a New Prayer Book, the Book Of Common Prayer.
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The fact that King Charles I tried to impose anglicanism was upsetting, but he also tried to change features in the church such as a new position of the altar, kneeling... Because of this Scotland and England both started to form an army, the beginning of the Bishops' War.
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Because of the upcoming war, Charles I needed money and for that he also needed the parliament, so after 11 years of personal rule he called the parliament again, though it only lasted for 3 weeks.
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Charles I had to sign a peace treaty, which means he lost, he also had to pay the cost of the Scot's army which was seen as a humiliation.
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Parliament should meet at least every 3 years.
The dissolution of Parliament required its consent. -
Charles I called the Parliament once again but this time it lasted much longer.
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James i had implemented a plantation policy = taking the lands of Irish Catholics. Irish Catholics rebels rose up against them and this lead to a great massacre -- 3000/4000 protestants were killed.
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A document that summarized all the wrong doings of the king. it also concluded on revolutionary demands:
-the right of the House of Commons to choose the king's ministers.
-the right for parliament to control any army sent to Ireland.
-the right for parliament to reform the church. -
The army was not under the control of the king anymore, army was controlled by Parliament. Taking away the king's ability to appoint whoever he wanted.
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the king thought 5 MP's were completing against the queen, he went in the house of commons with his troops to arrest the 5 MP's, he attempted.
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Charles declared war on parliament. Two sides were created, the Royalists and the Parliamentarians.
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The parliamentarians created a new army.
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The Royalists surrendered.
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because the parliament disbanded the new army without paying them, the roundheads decided to seize the king.
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When he escaped from the army custody, he decided to ally himself with the Scots, he said he would introduce calvinism in England in exchange, the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power.
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Series of revolts in the south of England, Wales and Scotland. the fact that the king decided to use a foreign army on his own people caused the second civil war. Though, the royalists were defeated by Cromwell.
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He was executed: a regicide.
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Monarchy and House of Lords were abolished.
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Cromwell and his troops crushed the Irish rebellion.
Wexford massacre, was seen as a revenge for the rumors of Irish atrocities. -
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It was forbidden to criticize the Bible or the religion in general.
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England's first and only written constitution.
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Cromwell ordered the MP's to leave.
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His son then became lord protector but failed and resigned after 6 months, he was not as good as his father.
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Charles II, the son of Charles I wanted to become king of England, he decided to forgive everyone (because of his father's execution), to continue religious tolerance and to share power with parliament.
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Charles II's declaration worked, he was restored as a king.
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all ministers had to swear to confirm to the book of common prayer.
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A big wave of plague hit London.
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After the plague, London was once again hit with a big catastrophe: the great fire.
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a rumor created: the French apparently wanted to kill Charles II and replace him by his catholic brother James II.
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Parliament tried to exclude James II from the succession. Charles II then decided to dissolve parliament.
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William of Orange, now William III became king of England.
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Since James II had now a male heir, parliament wanted the king's son in-law to invade England and seize the crown.
James II fled to France, William of Orange became king. -
It was considered as glorious because no blood was shed, dislodged the king, and his daughter became queen of England with her husband.
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a document imposed to the king, fixing rules and limitation of the powers of the king. Balanced powers between the king and parliament.
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an act of union between England and Scotland. creation of the United Kingdom of Great.