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334 BCE
Aristotle (4th Century BCE)
Proposed that life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter like mud or decaying material. -
Francesco Redi (1668)
Demonstrated that maggots in meat come from flies, not spontaneous generation, by using jars with different coverings. -
John Needham (1745)
Claimed spontaneous generation for microorganisms after boiling broth and sealing it, but his methods were flawed. -
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1768)
Disproved Needham’s conclusions by boiling broth for longer and sealing flasks; no microorganisms grew unless the seal was broken. -
Louis Pasteur (1861)
Used swan-neck flasks to prove that microorganisms come from airborne particles, not spontaneous generation.