-
200 BCE
The Epitaph of Siculus
The Epitaph of Siculus is the oldest known complete musical piece, created in the 1st or 2nd century AD. It is inscribed on a marble column over the tomb of his wife Euterpe, near present-day Aydın in Turkey. Although there are older songs, only fragments of them have survived. The author of the epitaph is unknown. -
Period: 476 to 1492
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval Period, was the historical period in Europe that began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and ended with the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 or with the discovery of America in 1492. -
800
Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant is a style of liturgical music of the Catholic Church, developed between the 9th and 11th centuries (800 aC/ 1200 aC). It is characterized by its monophonic melody and is sung a cappella, without instruments. It is in Latin and is used in the Mass and religious rituals. Its name comes from Pope Gregory I, who is associated with its compilation and organization. -
992
Guido of Arezzo
Guido of Arezzo (992-1050) was an Italian Benedictine monk and music theorist, fundamental to medieval music. He developed a system of musical notation and a singing method based on the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. His treatise Micrologus is the first complete analysis of musical practice, used in monasteries and universities, and is preserved in at least 70 manuscripts. The Catholic Church celebrates his feast day on March 31. -
1098
Hildegarda of Bingen
Hildegarda of Bingen (1098-1179) was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath, known as a composer, writer, and mystic of the High Middle Ages. She founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg and Eibingen and is famous for her works of sacred monophony and her treatise on natural history. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI granted her the title of Doctor of the Church in recognition of her holiness and teachings. -
1145
Bernart de Ventadorn
Bernart de Ventadorn (1145-1190) was a renowned troubadour, composer, and poet from the Provence region. He is considered one of the most prominent troubadours of the trobar leu style, which is characterized by its light and melodious tone. -
1150
Léonin
Léonin (1150-1201), also known as Magister Leoninus , is one of the first known composers of polyphonic organum, associated with the Notre Dame School. An anonymous English monk, now referred to as Anonymous IV, stated a century after his death that Léonin was the best composer of organum for liturgical purposes, and this is the only surviving written reference to him. -
Period: 1150 to 1300
Ars Antiqua
The Ars Antiqua was a key period in European polyphonic music, centered in France and marked by advancements in musical notation. Composers like Léonin and Pérotin developed complex works at the Cathedral of Notre Dame. This style laid the foundations for Western music and paved the way for the Ars Nova in the 14th century. -
1155
Pérotin
Pérotin (1155-1238) was a composer of the Ars Antiqua at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, active in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Known for his contribution to polyphony, his most famous work, "Viderunt omnes,"is notable for its use of independent voices. His work was key in the evolution of medieval music and laid the foundations for polyphony. -
1221
Alfonso X de Castilla
Alfonso X de Castilla (1221-1284), known as "the Wise," advanced the Reconquista, dealt with internal uprisings, and promoted cultural development, with highlights such as the Cantigas de Santa María and the work of the School of Translators of Toledo. In 1935, his contributions to astronomy were honored by naming the lunar crater Alphonsus after him. -
1300
Guillaume de Machaut
Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) was a French cleric, poet, and composer, recognized as a leading figure of the Ars Nova movement and the most prominent composer of the 14th century. He significantly contributed to the motet and secular song and is known for his Messe de Nostre Dame, the first polyphonic mass by a single composer, influencing later music in both sacred and secular contexts. -
Period: 1300 to 1377
Ars Nova
The Ars Nova was a musical style of the 14th century in France and Italy, characterized by innovations in rhythmic notation that allowed for more complex rhythms. Composers like Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut introduced new forms, such as the isorhythmic motet. This style laid the foundations for Renaissance music. -
Period: 1300 to
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural period that took place between the 14th and 16th centuries, characterized by a renewed interest in the classical culture of ancient Greece and Rome. In music, it was marked by polyphony and harmonic complexity. Composers like Josquin des Prez and Palestrina were key figures. Additionally, it was a time of significant advancements in the arts, science, and literature. -
1325
Francesco Landini
Francesco Landini (1325-1397) was an Italian composer, organist, vocalist, poet, instrument maker, and astrologer. He was among the most celebrated and respected composers of the late 14th century and is regarded as the most notable composer in Italy during that period. -
1397
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg (1397-3 February 1468) was a German inventor who developed the modern printing press. His 42-line Bible was the first significant book printed with this method, facilitating the spread of Protestant Reformation ideas. His invention is regarded as a cornerstone of modern history, although details about his life remain scarce. -
1468
Juan del Encina
Juan del Encina (1468-1529) was a Spanish composer and writer of the Renaissance, known for his villancicos and romances. He worked in the courts of the Catholic Monarchs and of Navarra, and is recognized as one of the first to integrate music and theater in Spain. His work had a significant impact on vocal music and the development of theater in his time. -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (10 November 1483-18 February 1546) was a German theologian who triggered the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his 95 Theses against the practices of the Catholic Church. He argued that salvation is achieved through faith alone and translated the Bible into German, allowing more people direct access to the Scriptures. His ideas founded Lutheranism and profoundly transformed religion and society in Europe. -
Oct 12, 1492
Discovery of America
In 1492, Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor in the service of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, crossed the ocean and reached some islands in the Caribbean, thinking he was heading to Asia. This journey marked the beginning of European arrival in America. -
1500
Cristóbal de Morales
Cristóbal de Morales (1500-1553) was a Spanish Renaissance composer, known for his sacred works, especially masses and motets. His polyphonic approach, influenced by the Italian Renaissance, left a significant mark in his time. He worked in several churches in Spain, and his music had a major impact on liturgical music. -
1510
Antonio de Cabezón
Antonio de Cabezón (1510-26 March 1566) was a prominent Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance, blind from a young age. He served in the courts of Charles I and Philip II, and his keyboard music was innovative and highly influential in Europe. His son Hernando compiled his works in the book Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela. -
1525
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-2 February 1597) was an Italian Renaissance composer famous for his sacred music and mastery of counterpoint. He was a leading figure of the Roman school, and his works, including masses and motets, remain central to sacred and polyphonic music. -
1532
Orlando di Lasso
Orlando di Lasso (c. 1532- 14 June 1594) was a Renaissance composer, famous for his sacred and secular music. He was born in Belgium and worked in Munich as a musical director. With over 2,000 compositions to his name, he was known for his mastery of counterpoint and his ability to express emotions through music. -
1544
Maddalena Casulana
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) was an Italian composer and singer of the Renaissance, noted for being one of the first women to publish her music under her own name. Her madrigals are admired for their expressiveness and mastery of counterpoint. Her work had a significant influence on the vocal music of her time. -
1548
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548- 20 August 1611) was a Spanish Renaissance composer, known for his sacred music. His polyphonic style, influenced by Palestrina, is characterized by its intense emotional expression. He composed mainly masses and motets and worked in important religious institutions in Spain. -
1554
Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554- 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer known for his vocal and instrumental music. He worked at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, where he innovated by placing musicians in different locations. His compositions, such as motets and canzonas, were key in the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque and had a significant influence on the music of the time. -
Jan 27, 1556
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart (was born on January 27, 1756, and he passed away on December 5, 1791.) was an Austrian virtuoso composer, known for his extraordinary talent. He composed over 600 works, including renowned symphonies and operas like "Don Giovanni" and "The Magic Flute." Despite his musical success, he lived in poverty and passed away at the age of 35. Today, he is regarded as one of the most influential composers of all time. -
Mar 8, 1566
Carlo Gesualdo
Carlo Gesualdo (8 March 1566-8 September 1613) was an Italian Renaissance composer, known for his madrigals and motets, which stand out for their innovative use of dissonance and abrupt tonal changes. His life was marked by a tragic scandal: he killed his wife and her lover after discovering their infidelity. Although his work was not widely recognized in his time, it later had a significant influence on Baroque music. -
May 15, 1567
Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Monteverdi (15 May, 1567–29 November, 1643) was an Italian composer crucial to the transformation of Baroque music, particularly excelling in opera. His work L'Orfeo marked a milestone in the operatic genre, and he also stood out in sacred and vocal music. Monteverdi integrated Renaissance tradition with new Baroque innovations, leaving a significant impact on the evolution of music. -
Period: to
Baroque
The Baroque was a cultural and artistic period that spanned from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century. This style was characterized by its great expressiveness and decoration, both in the visual arts and in music. In music, genres such as opera, oratorio, and concerto grosso were fundamental, with composers like Bach, Händel, and Vivaldi. The Baroque is known for its strong dynamic contrasts and intense emotional depth. -
Giacomo Carissimi
Giacomo Carissimi ( 12 April, 1605– 12 January, 1674) was an Italian Baroque composer, known for his oratorios, particularly Jephte. His expressive and clear style played a crucial role in the development of the oratorio. He also composed motets, cantatas, and instrumental music, leaving a significant mark on Baroque music. -
Barbara Strozzi
Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677) was an Italian Baroque composer and singer, known for her cantatas and arias. Adopted daughter of the poet Giulio Strozzi, she was one of the few women of her time to gain prominence in classical music. Her music is distinguished by its deep emotional expression and vocal talent. Although her legacy was not widely recognized during her lifetime, she is now valued as an essential figure in female Baroque music. -
Period: to
Classicism
Classicism is a cultural movement inspired by ancient Greek and Roman ideals, emphasizing harmony, order, and reason. It influenced art, literature, and music from the 17th to early 19th centuries, with figures like Virgil, Mozart, and David embodying its focus on balance and idealized forms. Classicism values symmetry and clarity, contrasting with the emotional and individualistic nature of Romanticism. -
Henry Purcell
Henry Purcell (10 September, 1659– 21 November, 1695) was an English Baroque composer, famous for his operas, sacred, and vocal music. His most well-known work is the opera Dido and Aeneas. Purcell blended English, Italian, and French musical influences, creating a unique and emotional style. Despite his early death, he left a lasting legacy in British music. -
Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi (4 de marzo de 1678-28 de julio de 1741) was an Italian composer and violinist from the Baroque period, best known for his work "The Four Seasons."He spent much of his career as a teacher at an orphanage in Venice, where he stood out for his violin skills and innovative approach to concertos. His music, which left a significant mark on the Baroque era, was forgotten after his death but was rediscovered in the 20th century, gaining great prestige and recognition in classical music -
Stradivarius
A Stradivarius is a musical instrument, typically a violin (they were made between 1680-1737) , made by the Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari. It is famous for its extraordinary sound and aesthetic, and is considered one of the finest and most valuable instruments ever created. Stradivarius instruments are highly sought after by musicians and collectors due to their impeccable craftsmanship and the unique materials used by Stradivari. -
Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann ( 14 March, 1681– 25 June, 1767) was a German Baroque composer, known for his extensive work in genres such as operas, oratorios, and instrumental music. His style combined various European influences and was innovative in chamber music. Although highly admired in his time, his legacy was eventually overshadowed by other composers like Bach and Händel. -
Georg Friedrich Händel
Georg Friedrich Händel (23 February 1685–14 April 1759) fue un compositor barroco de origen alemán que adoptó la nacionalidad británica. Es conocido por sus óperas, oratorios y música para diferentes formaciones instrumentales. Entre sus obras más importantes se encuentran El Mesías, Música acuática y Música para los fuegos artificiales reales*. Falleció en Londres y es considerado uno de los compositores más influyentes del barroco. -
Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach (March 31, 1685 – July 28, 1750) was a German musician and composer of the Baroque period, known for his mastery of counterpoint and his contribution to both religious and instrumental music. He held key roles as an organist and conductor in various cities, leaving iconic works such as The Well-Tempered Clavier, St. Matthew Passion, and the Brandenburg Concertos. Although his recognition grew after his death, his influence on classical music is immense. -
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Christoph Willibald Gluck (was born on July 2, 1714, and died on November 15, 1787.) was a German composer who transformed opera by seeking greater harmony between music and story. Some of his best-known works are Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste. His legacy was crucial in the evolution of classical opera and had a significant influence on later composers, such as Mozart. -
Joseph Haydn
Joseph Haydn (was born on March 31, 1732, in Rohrau, Austria, and passed away on May 31, 1809), was a renowned composer, particularly known for his contributions to the symphony and string quartet. Haydn wrote over 100 symphonies and many other works, playing a significant role in shaping classical music. He spent much of his career working for the Esterházy family and influenced composers like Mozart and Beethoven. -
Maria Anna Mozart
Maria Anna "Nannerl" Mozart (was born on July 30, 1751, and passed away on October 29, 1829), was the older 9sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and an accomplished musician. Nannerl performed with her brother as a child, but her musical career was overshadowed by his fame. She composed some music, though little of it remains. Later in life, she married and focused on her family. -
Maria Theresia von Paradis
Maria Theresia von Paradis (born on May 15, 1759, and died on February 1, 1824) was a blind Austrian pianist and composer who gained international fame with the support of Empress Maria Theresa. She toured Europe, composed music, and pioneered education for visually impaired musicians. -
Period: to
Romanticism
Romanticism, emerging in the late 18th and 19th centuries, emphasized emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature. It reacted against the order of Classicism, focusing on imagination, personal expression, and the sublime. Key themes include nature’s power, the supernatural, and personal heroism. Notable figures include poets like Wordsworth, artists like Turner, and composers like Beethoven. The movement valued feeling and creativity over reason. -
Ludwing van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (was born on December 17, 1770, in Bonn, Germany, and died on March 26, 1827, in Vienna), was a composer who played a crucial role in the transition from the Classical to the Romantic period. Despite becoming deaf, he composed iconic works like "Symphony No. 9" and "Für Elise." His music had a lasting influence on classical music, cementing his legacy as one of history's greatest composers. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution (1789-1799) was when the people of France rose up against the king, wanting more freedom and equality. After they killed King Louis XVI and went through a lot of chaos, Napoleon Bonaparte took over and changed France. -
Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Rossini (born on February 29, 1792, and died on November 13, 1868) was an Italian composer famous for his operas, including The Barber of Seville and William Tell. Known for his lively melodies and dramatic crescendos, he composed 39 operas before retiring from opera at 37. Rossini's music greatly influenced the opera world, and he spent his later years in Paris composing sacred and instrumental works. -
Franz Schubert
Franz Schubert (1797- 19/11/1828) was an Austrian composer known for his lieder and instrumental music. He lived in poverty and went unnoticed in his time, but his work gained recognition after his death. He passed away at 31. -
Hector Berlioz
Hector Berlioz (born on December 11, 1803, and died on March 8, 1869) was a French composer known for works like Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy. He revolutionized orchestration with his bold harmonies, dramatic expression, and innovative use of instruments. Berlioz's influence on classical music remains profound. -
Felix Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn (born on February 3, 1809, and died on November 4, 1847) was a German composer and pianist known for works like Songs Without Words and the Italian Symphony. He enriched Romantic music with his lyrical melodies, classical structures, and expressive depth. Mendelssohn's influence on classical music remains significant. -
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (1810-29/7/1856) was a German composer and pianist. After injuring his hand, he focused on composing and started a music journal. His works are known for their emotion. He struggled with mental health and died at 46, leaving a lasting impact on music. -
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (born on October 22, 1811, and died on July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer and pianist known for his virtuosic piano works, including Hungarian Rhapsodies and Liebesträume. He transformed piano technique with his dazzling skill, expressive depth, and innovative compositions. Liszt's influence on classical music remains enduring. -
Giuseppe Verdi
Giuseppe Verdi (born on October 10, 1813, and died on January 27, 1901) was a celebrated Italian composer known for operas like La Traviata, Aida, and Rigoletto. His evocative music and dramatic narratives reshaped opera, portraying deep human emotions. Verdi's works remain fundamental to the operatic canon and a vital part of Italy's cultural legacy. -
Clara Schumann
Clara Schumann (born on September 13, 1819, and died on May 20, 1896) was a German pianist and composer known for her expressive piano works and chamber music. She was a pioneering female musician who influenced the Romantic era with her virtuosity, deep musicality, and innovative compositions. Schumann's impact on classical music remains lasting. -
Bedřich Smetana
Bedřich Smetana (born on March 2, 1824, and died on May 12, 1884) was a Czech composer known for works like Má vlast and The Bartered Bride. He played a key role in establishing Czech national music through his rich melodies and folk-inspired themes. Smetana's influence on classical music remains significant. -
Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms (1833-3/4/1897) was a German composer and pianist. He is known for his symphonies and chamber music, blending classical tradition with new ideas. He was a perfectionist and never married. He died at 63, leaving a big impact on music. -
Modest Mussorgsky
Modest Mussorgsky (born on March 21, 1839, and died on March 28, 1881) was a Russian composer known for works like Pictures at an Exhibition and Boris Godunov. He brought Russian folk music and national identity into classical compositions with his bold harmonies and dramatic expression. Mussorgsky's influence on music remains profound. -
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (born on May 7, 1840, and died on November 6, 1893) was a Russian composer known for works like Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and Symphony No. 6. He enriched classical music with his emotional depth, lyrical melodies, and powerful orchestration. Tchaikovsky's influence on music remains lasting. -
Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Dvořák (born on September 8, 1841, and died on May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer known for works like New World Symphony and Slavonic Dances. He blended folk influences with classical forms, creating music rich in melody and national character. Dvořák's influence on classical music remains enduring. -
Edvard Grieg
Edvard Grieg (born on June 15, 1843, and died on September 4, 1907) was a Norwegian composer known for works like Peer Gynt Suite and Piano Concerto in A minor. He infused his music with Norwegian folk elements, lyrical melodies, and rich harmonies. Grieg's influence on classical music remains lasting. -
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (born on March 18, 1844, and died on June 21, 1908) was a Russian composer known for works like Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee. He enriched classical music with his vivid orchestration, colorful harmonies, and incorporation of Russian folk themes. Rimsky-Korsakov's influence on music remains significant. -
Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric Chopin (born on March 1, 1810, and died on October 17, 1849) was a Polish composer and pianist known for his expressive piano works, including nocturnes, études, and waltzes. He revolutionized piano music with his lyrical melodies, rich harmonies, and innovative techniques. Chopin's influence on classical music remains profound. -
Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner (born on May 22, 1813, and died on February 13, 1883) was a German composer known for epic operas like The Ring Cycle and Tristan und Isolde. He transformed opera with his dramatic storytelling, rich harmonies, and use of leitmotifs. Wagner's influence on music and theater remains significant. -
Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Puccini (born on December 22, 1858, and died on November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer known for operas like La Bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly. His emotive music and memorable melodies made him a leading figure in opera, with his works still widely performed today. -
Hugo Wolf
Hugo Wolf (1860-22/2/1903) was an Austrian composer known for his emotional lieder. He studied in Vienna and created expressive songs that reflect deep feelings. He struggled with mental health and died young, but left a lasting impact on vocal music. -
Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (1860-18/5/1911) was an Austrian composer and conductor, known for his profound symphonies. His works weren't fully appreciated during his life but gained recognition after his death. He died at 50, leaving a lasting impact on classical music. -
Claude Debussy
Claude Debussy (born on August 22, 1862, and died on March 25, 1918) was a French composer known for works like Clair de Lune and Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. He revolutionized classical music with his impressionistic harmonies, rich textures, and evocative soundscapes. Debussy's influence on modern music remains profound. -
Jean Sibelius
Jean Sibelius (born on December 8, 1865, and died on September 20, 1957) was a Finnish composer known for works like Finlandia and Symphony No. 2. He captured Finland's national identity through his sweeping melodies, rich harmonies, and evocative orchestration. Sibelius's influence on classical music remains profound. -
Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg (born on September 13, 1874, and died on July 13, 1951) was an Austrian composer known for pioneering atonal music and developing the twelve-tone technique. His works, such as Pierrot Lunaire and Verklärte Nacht, revolutionized modern music with their bold harmonic innovations. Schoenberg's influence on 20th-century classical music remains profound. -
Maurice Ravel
Maurice Ravel (born on March 7, 1875, and died on December 28, 1937) was a French composer known for works like Boléro and Pavane pour une infante défunte. He blended impressionism with classical precision, creating richly textured and beautifully orchestrated music. Ravel's influence on classical music remains enduring. -
Manuel de Falla
Manuel de Falla (born on November 23, 1876, and died on November 14, 1946) was a Spanish composer known for works like El amor brujo and Nights in the Gardens of Spain. He blended Spanish folk music with classical elements, creating a distinctive and evocative style. Falla's influence on Spanish classical music remains enduring. -
Béla Bartók
Béla Bartók (born on March 25, 1881, and died on September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer known for works like Concerto for Orchestra and Mikrokosmos. He fused folk music with modern harmonies and rhythms, pioneering ethnomusicology and shaping 20th-century classical music. Bartók's influence remains profound. -
Igor Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky (born on June 17, 1882, and died on April 6, 1971) was a Russian composer known for works like The Firebird, Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring. He revolutionized classical music with his bold rhythms, innovative harmonies, and evolving styles. Stravinsky's influence on modern music remains profound. -
Joaquín Turina
Joaquín Turina (born on December 9, 1882, and died on January 14, 1949) was a Spanish composer known for works like Danzas fantásticas and La procesión del Rocío. He combined Spanish folk traditions with classical forms, creating music rich in rhythm and color. Turina's influence on Spanish classical music remains significant. -
Zoltán Kodály
Zoltán Kodály (born on December 16, 1882, and died on March 6, 1967) was a Hungarian composer known for works like Háry János and Dances of Galánta. He integrated Hungarian folk music into classical forms and developed influential music education methods. Kodály's contributions to music and pedagogy remain significant. -
Heitor Villa-Lobos
Heitor Villa-Lobos (born on March 5, 1887, and died on November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer known for works like Bachianas Brasileiras and Chôros. He blended Brazilian folk music with classical traditions, creating a unique and vibrant musical style. Villa-Lobos's influence on classical music remains significant. -
George Gershwin
George Gershwin (born on September 26, 1898, and died on July 11, 1937) was an American composer known for works like Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris. He fused classical music with jazz influences, creating a distinctive and influential sound. Gershwin's impact on both classical and popular music remains enduring. -
Period: to
The 20th century
The 20th century was a period of significant transformation, shaped by two World Wars, technological breakthroughs, and major political shifts. Notable events included the spread of communism, the Cold War, and various social movements for civil rights. Art, literature, and music embraced new, innovative styles, moving away from tradition. The century also saw changes in economies and the rise of globalization and digital tech by its conclusion. -
Olivier Messiaen
Olivier Messiaen (born on December 10, 1908, and died on April 27, 1992) was a French composer known for works like Quartet for the End of Time and Turangalîla-Symphonie. He explored unique rhythms, rich harmonies, and incorporated bird songs and religious themes into his music. Messiaen's influence on contemporary classical music remains profound. -
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer (born on August 14, 1910, and died on August 19, 1995) was a French composer and music theorist known for pioneering musique concrète, an early form of electronic music. His experimental approach involved manipulating recorded sounds to create new compositions. Schaeffer's influence on electronic and experimental music remains significant. -
John Cage
John Cage (born on September 5, 1912, and died on August 12, 1992) was an American composer known for works like 4'33" and Sonatas and Interludes. He pioneered experimental music, chance operations, and the use of unconventional instruments. Cage's influence on contemporary music and avant-garde art remains profound. -
Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry (born on December 9, 1927, and died on July 5, 2017) was a French composer known for pioneering musique concrète, an early form of electronic music. His works, such as Symphonie pour un homme seul and Messe pour le temps présent, explored innovative sound manipulation and electronic techniques. Henry's influence on experimental and electronic music remains enduring. -
Philip Glass
Philip Glass (born on January 31, 1937) is an American composer known for pioneering minimalism with works like Einstein on the Beach, Glassworks, and Koyaanisqatsi. His music is characterized by repetitive structures, evolving harmonies, and a distinctive rhythmic pulse. Glass's influence on contemporary classical and film music remains profound. -
Second World War
The Second World War (1939-1945) was a global conflict between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied Powers (U.S., United Kingdom, Soviet Union). It began with Germany's invasion of Poland. It ended with Germany's surrender in 1945 and Japan's after the atomic bombings. The war caused millions of deaths and led to the start of the Cold War. -
Real Madrid's first Champions League
Real Madrid won its first European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League) in 1956, defeating French team Stade de Reims 4-3 in the final held in Brussels, Belgium. This victory marked the beginning of a golden era for the club, which won the first five editions of the tournament. -
Apollo 11 Moon Landing
In 1969, Apollo 11 successfully landed the first humans on the Moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins orbited above. Armstrong’s famous words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,” marked a major achievement in space exploration. -
The Miracle of the Andes
On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying a Uruguayan rugby team crashed in the Andes. After days of cold and hunger, the survivors resorted to cannibalism to stay alive. After more than two months, two of them reached a populated area and organized the rescue of the others. Of the 45 passengers, 16 survived. -
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall fell when the East German government allowed people to cross into West Berlin, marking the end of Germany's division and the collapse of communism in the region. -
Los Serrano
Los Serrano is a Spanish TV series that aired from 2003 to 2008. It follows the life of a widowed father, Diego Serrano, who marries his late wife’s best friend, creating a blended family full of comedic and dramatic situations. The show focuses on family dynamics, love, and personal growth. -
El Internado
El Internado is a Spanish mystery series that premiered on May 24, 2007, and ended on October 13, 2010. The story follows a group of young people who live in a boarding school and begin to uncover mysterious and strange secrets happening there. The series mixes mystery, drama, and a bit of romance. -
Gossip Girl
Gossip Girl follows the lives of wealthy teenagers in New York, whose secrets are exposed by an anonymous blog. The series is about friendship, love, and betrayal. -
The Impossible
"The Impossible" (2012) tells the true story of a Spanish family who survived the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Thailand, struggling to reunite amid the chaos. -
Ignacio Pulido Pérez
Clarinetist trained at the RCSMM and graduated in Musicology from the UCM. I also have a Master's degree in Teacher Training from the UCM. I currently work as a clarinet teacher and head of the wind department at the Santa Cecilia Authorized Center for Musical Education and I work as a music teacher at the Patrocinio de San José School. I also have experience as a teacher of harmony, musical language and composition.