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People who influence schools in America
John Amos Comenius, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Johann Pestalozzi -
Education for African Americans
If an African American was brought to America as a slave, the educational opportunities for them was non-existent. -
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The beginning of Education in the United States
Education was first established with the first colony, Jamestown. The schools were created to help teach the gospel of Protestantism and to help convert Native Americans -
Boston Latin Grammar School
This was the first "high school." This was only for the colonial elite and contained heavy European roots. This school was for boys only and was aimed at preparing them for college in ministry or law. This school was very expensive so not many people were able to attend. -
The Massachusetts Act of 1647
The "Old Deluder Satan Act" required teachers to produce people who understood the Bible and could see and know when the Devil was playing a trick on someone. The act said that every town with 50 or more households must have a teacher. This created the idea of public education, giving us the legal foundation for public support of education. -
Berkeley's Rally
William Berkeley stood against free public education and books. He also supported exclusion in the school system (i.e. poor, females, and minorities of the time) -
Schools in the Southern Colonies
Public schools did not exist in the South. Life was centered around agriculture. However, there were private tutors for the families who were considered wealth. -
Middle Colonies
Different cultures in the Middle Colonies also brought their native culture into the mix. With all of the different cultures, it made it hard to create a school where everyone could be happy. For this reason, the religions would create parochial schools. These were schools that not only taught, reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also the religion of the students in their native language. -
New England Colonies
Since everyone in the New England colonies were homogeneous, creating a school that made everyone happy was a lot easier. With the industry and commerce were centralized in this area, getting students to school was a little easier then in the other colonies. -
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Assimilation
Native Americans were trying to be assimilated into American culture through Education. -
Expanding the Academics
Benjamin Franklin opened the first academy called, the Academy of Philadelphia. Here students would be able to learn in an environment that was free of religious orientation, and focused on the needs of Colonial America. Students who were able to attend chose what classes they wanted for a "menu." Because of this, it is still a practice that is used in today's high schools. -
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400 Treaties
The federal government told the Natives that they would provide assistance for agriculture, medical care, and education. -
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School Changes
During this time, many things in Early America were changing. Everything from separated colonies to what and why subjects were taught in school. -
Funding Public Education in the Early Nation Period
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was meant to sell off sections of land that was about 36 one-square mile. Part of the sections income was to be set aside to help fund public education. While still not directly involved in the public education, the Federal still helped by providing some money that is still carried on into today's schools -
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The United States Constitution
There were 27 different amendments that shaped our schools into what we have now. Religion was a major change. It was taken out of the curriculum all together in public schools. The other major change was putting education into the individual state responsibility. -
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State Support for Public Education
This time period became known as the Common School Movement. "Age of the Common Man". The major important factors of this time include: taxing citizens to pay/support public education, teachers tried to increase the student population by getting freed slaves and the urban poor to come to school, state education departments and superintendents were hired, schools were organized by grade levels and a standardized curriculum was adopted, teachers were getting better education to be more prepared, -
The First English Classical School
This school was opened in Boston. The purpose of this school was to meet the needs of boys not going onto college. The school's name was official to changed in 1824 to, English High School. -
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Horace Mann
First a lawyer and then an educator, Mann became the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. While in office, Massachusetts became the leader of education, doubled teacher pay, increased the number of schools built, and passed the first mandatory school attendance law in 1852. Mann believed that all public elementary schools that were supported by taxes was the right to all. -
Changing Schools
Hispanic education started in Catholic schools. However, after the Mexican-American War, Hispanics were required to go to public schools. These were usually segregated and with limited resources. -
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High School in the late 1800's
By 1860, 250,000 students were enrolled in one of the 6,000 tuition-charging academies. In 1890, these were the most common type of high schools that were provided. -
Attendance and Boards
About 50% of America's children were attending school during this time. Also there were 28 of the 35 states who had a Board of Education. -
The Ending of the Civil War
With the ending of the Civil War, slavery was ended as well. Separate but equal was created. -
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Boarding Schools
The federal government created boarding schools for Native Americans to attend. The idea was to Americanize the students by taking them our of their tribes and teaching a strict culturally based program. -
The Committee of Ten
This was the first time a Committee of people sat down and discussed what the high school curriculum should look like, and make the necessary changes. This was so all students would receive the same education regardless if they were planning on attending college or not. -
Other States follow Massachusetts
32 other states pass the same law as in 1852 dealing with attendance -
The Navajos
Many students who attended a Navajo based school, would run away or upon graduation, would return to their tribes and reservations. -
School Attendance through the grade levels
While more children were attending public schools, this was only in the elementary schools, because they were free. By the time a student would have gotten into high school, the parents had to pay for their child to attend and graduate. -
The First Junior High School
The first junior high was opened in Columbus, Ohio for grades 7, 8, and 9th. -
Life Wildfire
The concept of junior spread quickly and by 1926 there was over 800 set ups in the school systems. -
Economic Growth
By the 1930's, more and more students were attending and graduating high school. Many economists said that this played a major role in the economic growth of our country -
Technology in the '30s
Projectors and filmstrips were used in schools at this time. They became a common tool in the classrooms until about the 1980's. -
Technology in the '40s
During the 19410's, overhead projectors were used in the classroom. They remained a popular tool until Smartboards were developed. -
Technology in the '50s
The original teaching machines were actually developed in the 1920s, however, due to Skinner psychology on the uses for them, they received a huge change. After Skinner got a hold of the idea, he changed it to where students could learn content in smaller units and get immediate feedback. -
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Technology from 1950-1970
Videos and other forms of educational T.V. was used in the classroom. -
Supreme Court
The seperate by equal policy stayed in place until 1954. Famous court case during this year was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka -
Sputnik
American schools were told to improve the math, science, and foreign languages curriculum as a result of Russia launching Sputnik in 1957. Students were also taught to get under their desks and cover their heads if there was ever a nuclear attack on the US. -
War on Poverty
Many things were changing during this time. -
Head Start Programs
This is a program that is still under going changes: from who it serves to what curriculum is being taught. This first Head Start program was put into place in 1965. -
The First Native American Curriculum
Tribal schools added Native American culture to the curriculum the school taught. However. the teachers were not paid accordingly, and materials were limited, if any at all. -
Calculators in the classroom
Hand-held calculators were first used in the classroom around 1967. -
Federal Funding Increase
All schools funding was increased through the federal government. This was K-12. In 1964 the spending limit was $900 million to $3 billion in 4 years. -
Middle Schools
Middle schools developed in popularity in the 1970's. Before this time, junior highs were just copies of high school in terms of what was taught in the curriculum. Middle schools were designed for grades 6-8th grade and was geared for the emotional, social, and intellectual needs of the students. -
Change was coming
Finally in the 1970's, legislation granted Native American's more control over their own education. Currently, there are about 4.4 million American Indians and Alaskan Natives in schools now. -
Lau v. Nichols
Many Asian Americans faced the same problems as the African Americans, and Hispanics. There was a language barrier as well as segregation with many of the same challenges. Lau v. Nichols was a federal court case that changed the fact that Chinese students should be taught in their first language and should be given the opportunity to learn. -
IDEA
Learners who struggled in different areas of education needed help. The IDEA was created to do just that. This was to provide free and appropriate education for students with learning disabilities. -
The Department of Education
The Department of Education was created during the time of the War on Poverty. This department was originally group with 3 others. -
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Growing, growing, growing
The Hispanic student population more than doubled during this time. -
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Technology and Schools Today
Smartphones, clickers, and other devices with a way to connect to the internet took over for most of the way students learn in the classroom today. Technology has changed the way many teachers present topics in the classroom. It has also changed the way we are able to obtain information inside the classroom as well as outside. -
No Child Left Behind Act
The Bush administration implemented this to help make sure all students were successful.