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Industrial Revolution
Transition to new manufacturing processes in Britain, continental Europe and the United States. -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Transitional composer between classicism and romanticism -
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E.T.A. Hoffman
German writer and composer, writer of "The Nutcracker" fable. His writings epitomize Romanticism. -
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Carl Maria von Weber
Founder of German Romantic opera, studied with Michael Haydn. -
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French Revolution
Time period of radical political change in France. -
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Gioachino Rossini
The most famous composer in the early 19th century Vienna. Composed mostly choral music and operas. -
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Gaetano Donizetti
Student of Mayr, Verdi's immediate forerunner in serious Italian opera; prolific composer of all genres. -
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Franz Schubert
Austrian composer who created a genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder. Expansive melodies, frequent modulations, many unfinished works, Romanticized after his early death. -
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Vincenzo Bellini
Italian opera composer, created dramas with extreme passion, action, and emotion. -
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Hector Berlioz
French composer, conductor, writer, and innovator. Was the leading French musician in his day, works embody Romanticism. Modern instrumentation. -
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Mikhail Glinka
Father of Russian music, European trained, prolific. -
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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
Had the same training as Felix, but she was discouraged from composing. Married publisher. Her home was a center for intellectuals and culture. -
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor Opus 67, Mvt. 1
1st movement uses an insistent rhythmic drive, cyclic symphony, 4-note opening motive. -
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Felix Menelssohn
Early romantic, conservative style. Important as a conductor, revived Bach's music, German composer of Jewish heritage. -
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Robert Schumann
Important as a critic, editor, and composer. Lost his sanity at a young age. -
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Frederic Francois Chopin
Polish/French composer and pianist. He innovated new piano technique, more famous today than during his lifetime. Known for his character pieces. -
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Franz Liszt
Virtuoso pianist, conductor, author, supporter of Wagner. Innovator in musical form, aesthetics, and harmonies. Invented the orchestral tone poem. -
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Richard Wagner
Creator of German music drama..........
Conductor, writer, musical innovator, wrote about music of the future. Anti-Semite...........
Profoundly influenced Western harmonies, strove for endless melodies. -
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Giuseppe Verdi
The leading Italian opera composer of the 19th century. Became a national hero of Italy. -
"Erlkonig"
Based on the legend of the King of the Elves. One of the most romantic-sounding pieces ever made by Schubert. -
"Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog"
Painting by Caspar David Friedrich, shows the same aesthetic of the Romantic Spirit in art. -
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Charles Gouriod
French prolific composer, wrote in most genres of the day. -
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Clara Wieck Shumann
Virtuoso pianist, wife of Robert Schumann. Close friend of Brahms. -
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Der Freischutz (The Magic Bullet...)
First German romantic opera composed by von Weber. -
Full-sized Piano
"Broadwood" is a production firm that was largely responsible for innovating the piano, making pianos progressively louder, larger, and more robustly constructed.
1810s - six octaves (Beethoven used extra notes in his later works)
1820s - seven octaves -
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Cesar Franck
French nationalist composer, teacher, and organist. -
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Anton Bruckner
Austrian composer and organist. Follower of Wagner. Known for his large orchestrations, incredible conscientious approach to composition. -
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Bedrich Smetana
Czech composer; established Czech opera in the 19th century. Nationalist. -
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Johann Strauss
Viennese composer, conductor, and violinist. "Waltz-King." -
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Stephen Foster
American songwriter; vernacular style. -
"Lieder ohne Worte" (Songs without Words)
Set of short, lyrical character pieces. -
"Symphonie fantastique"
Program symphony by Berlioz that has 5 movements. Idee fixe. -
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Joseph Joachim
Hungarian violinist, composer, conductor, and teacher. Toured with Clara Schumann, friends with Brahms. -
Mazurka in B-flat minor, Opus 24, No. 24
Character piece (Mazurka is the sub-genre). -
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Johannes Brahms
Austrian composer, known as a classic-romantic. Strong knowledge of the musical past. One of the first editors of Bach's music; conductor, pianist, friends, with the Schumanns; never wrote an opera. -
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Camille Saint-Saens
French composer, pianist, organist, and writer. -
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Georges Bizet
French composer who created a new type of serious French opera. -
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Modest Musorgsky
One of the Russian Mighty Five; most famous of the 5 today. Music is rooted in Russian folksong and lore. -
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John Knowles Paine
American organist and composer. Teacher of the new generation of American composers. Harvard's first professor of music. -
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Piou Il'yich Tchaikovsky
Russian composer, conductor, and teacher. Western trained, emotional, conservatives, harmonic language. -
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Antonin Dvorak
Most famous of Czech composers. Lived in the USA, influenced by African-American and Native American music and culture. -
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Edvard Grieg
Nationalist from Norway. Known for "Peer Gynt." -
Telegraph
With the financial support of Congress, Morse started developing the telegraph in 1843 and sent the first message through Telegraph in 1844. -
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Gabriel Faure
French composer, teacher, and keyboardist. Foreshadowed modern tonality and style, extremely important as a teacher, head of the Paris Conservatory. -
Invention of the Saxophone
The saxophone was invented by Belgian-born inventor Adolphe Sax in 1846. -
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Leos Janacek
Czech composer, ethnomusicologist. Influenced by folk music. -
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John Philip Sousa
American, leader of the U.S. Marine Band in 1880. -
"Die Walkure" (The Valkyrie)
Second opera in his 4-opera cycle. (music drama...) One of Wagner's most well-known operas. -
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Edward Elgar
English composer, received international acclaim. Not folksong oriented. -
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Giacomo Puccini
Italian opera composer, gift for delicate melodies. Strove for realism. The most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi. -
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Hugo Wolf
Wrote mostly Lieder, influenced by Wagner. -
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Jean Sibelius
Finland Nationalist. Composed "Finlandia" in 1899. -
"Aida"
One of Verdi's famous operas. -
"Ma vlast" (My country)
Tone poem, uses sounds to replicate sounds of the Moldau River. Program piece by Smetana. -
Light Bulb Development
In 1879, Thomas Edison was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting electric light bulb in his laboratory. -
Symphony No. 3 in F Major Op. 90
Traditional 4 movement symphony. Absolute music, "modern."