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Marked by a revival of classical learning, art, and culture, especially in Italy. Artists and thinkers began rediscovering Greek and Roman ideas, leading to innovations in art, science, and literature.
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European nations funded voyages to discover new trade routes and territories, leading to global interactions and the establishment of colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
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Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge, literature, and education, and making books accessible to a broader population.
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Characterized by masterpieces from artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, this period saw the height of artistic expression and innovation in Italy.
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Christopher Columbus’s first voyage to the Americas, financed by the Spanish crown, opened the Age of Exploration and significantly impacted European economies and world history.
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Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses questioned Church practices, leading to a major split in Christianity and impacting religious and political structures across Europe.
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This period brought groundbreaking developments in science, including the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton, reshaping our understanding of the natural world.
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Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe celestial bodies, supporting the heliocentric model and transforming the fields of astronomy and science.