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Swedish, Norwegian, Deutch, Polish, Italian, Czech, French, Spanish and English were all spoken in the US.
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This period was marked by "benign neglect" and "defensive pluralism".
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Immigrants living in the States wanted to maintain their culture and languages by living in communities with people from the same backgrounds and going to bilingual schools. This was considered the norm.
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The Christian churches sought to teach English in order to promote Christianity. Bilingual education started to take off at this time. Towns would also seek new residents by promoting that they spoke certain languages.
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The Compulsory Ignorance Law came into effect in the Southern colonies. It prevented enslaved Africans from learning to read in English. This law stayed in effect until the Civil War in 1865.
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The Bill of Rights
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Schools started advertising that they tought subjects bilingually and in non-English languages in private and public schools in order to stay ahead of other schools
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The Dept. of Education was born this year. They mainly focused on collecting data at this time, however.
