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Proposal to garantee 3 years of public education for all children (except slave children). Defeated by Virginia Assembly.
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Statewide public schools begin to become a reality, especially in Massachusetts.
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Horace Mann, the first Secretary of Education, toured over a 1000 schools. Found that the quality was widely varied, most were supported by local taxes, and were primarily for wealthy families.
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Bishop John Hughes protested against bigotry in New York public schools. Irish Catholics were treated harshly, even in textbooks. Hughes demanded that public funds be made available for Catholic schools.
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A rumor that the Bible was going to be removed from public schools led to Anit-Catholic backlash and massive riots. A Catholic church was burned.
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Mass. State Supreme Court rules agains Benjermin Roberts, who sued the Boston school system to integrate schools. Court case would be cited later when both defending and aboloshing segregation.
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Civil War ends. African American Slaves are freed.
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Enrollement: 7.6 million students.
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Enrollment: 12.7 million students, leading the world in education.
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John Dewey publishes book. He is known as the "Father of Progressive Education."
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Average Lifetime Schooling: 5 years
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Louis Terman publishes review of his "I.Q." test. This test would be widely used later to judge intelligence.
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Over 5,000 people protest the implementation of the "Gary Plan" in New York schools. The Gary Plan was a an education model started in Gary Indiana.
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Immigrants were "Americanized" in public schools.
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17% of 17 year olds graduate high school.
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All states require school attendence until age 16.
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Linda Brown's father attempts to enroll her in a white elementary school in Topeka Kansas.
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U.S. Supreme court makes unanimous decision, banning segregation in U.S. schools.
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National Guard called in to prevent nine African American children from attending high school. Federal troops were called in later to enforce the Supreme Court decision.
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First Artificial Satellite launched into Earth's orbit by Soviet Union. This would put pressure on American schools to put emphasis on math, science, and engineering.
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Provided 4 billion dollars to help disadvantaged students
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Massive student walkouts protesting the Crystal City Texas School Board's discrimination against Mexican-American students.
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4 out of 7 School Board seats are filled with Mexican Americans. Crystal City School District becomes a "labratory" for billingual education.
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Ronald Reagan report "A Nation at Risk" shatters public confidence in public schools.
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After implemenation of schools choice and alternative school programs, East Harlem schools go from being ranked last to out performing half of cities schools.
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Low income students allowed to attend private schools at tax payer expence.
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Experiment with privatization in Baltimore Schools after student achievement fails to improve.
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Low income students are first in nation to use publicly funded vouchers for private religous schools.
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90% enrolled in Public Schools