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william pitt the younger- was combined witht he war office until 1854 but then seperated
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by then 3 mill slaves had been traded, arabs and others still had slave trade
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responsible government in all settler colonies.
gbr govenors ruled with support of representitive assemblies -
as per the durham report
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can transport heavy goods, consumed less coal
reduced the time of traavel to africa by 3 weeks -
as per durham report
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tea plantation 1 in 1851 to 295 by 1871
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£25 mill
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bought over 38 coutries and 28,000 exhibitions
sometimes they bought back people
had over 7000 exhibits on india alone
1/3 of pop visited- queen victoria super prud wrote to her uncle of how this is truly an enriching religious experience -
livingstone discovered zambezi falls which he renamed victoria falls for the queen
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was seperated from colonial office 1854, divided into 5 departements, africa, mediteranean, north america, aus and west indies
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were faster, low volume, high profit ships that transported opium, tea and spice.
newspapers recorded the times of these.
broken after 20 yrs. -
as per durham report
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began trading 1856, bay of bengal, made calcutta and berma steam navigation in 1856. Then he founded the imperial British East Africa Company which received a charter in 1888. Religious founded the Free church of scotland east african scottish mission in KIbwezi- now kenya in 1891.
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by 1857 there was 288 miles but by 1890 there was 20,000
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make wogs- esternised oriental gents,
mayo college, bomay cathedral, rajkumar college
30yrs after 60,000 inds in uni most arts but 2000 in law -
the protectionist strategy empolyed in british trade,ensured colonies only allowed to trade with britian, using british ships for both imports and exports. the colonies were not allowed to trade with each other. however this was abandoned in the first half of the 19th century. adopted free trade
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565 provinces governed by princely states this made up 40% of India. Dallhousie the doctrine of lapse- no legitamate heir- the title and land goes to Britain-greatly angered them, but the use of already implemented hierarchal structures shows some level of indirect rule over India.
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but the eu countries were kept on the coast due to many reasons, diseases-combatted with making of quinine to combat malaria, difficult rivers and waterways which they couldn't manage- industrial revol made better ships e.g. clipper ships and steam ships
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sierra leone, cape colony, west africa, river niger
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taxes- vry high esp on salt, used to preserve food, built a 1,100 mile hedge to prevent salt smuggling.
religious divisions- diff religns pitted up against each others divide and rule
caste system- made more rigid- only recruited soldiers from certain castes and religions and ethnicities.
inds not allowed to vote or hold any positions in power -
made by ism'ail pasha and ferdinad de lesseps, in 1858 was to connect the red sea to the meditteranean. made the route to india 6000 miles shorter. suez canal company set up and ran for 99 m years
took 10yrs to build -
was influential in sepoy mutiny, he helped crush it, won knighthood and was placed in the viceroy council of calcutta. gov of bombay, mb of ind council and a baronet.
he became commisiioner of cape colony in 1877- with lord caranrvan, merge tranvaal and brit sa
started war with zulus -
recaptured cawn pore and lucknow in 1857 following the mutiny, he was regarded as a hero in childrens tales. He contracted dysandry and died and so a statue of him was put up in trafalgar square
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arose due to a disrespecting of their caste system, alledged wanting to send a certain group of indians over to burma to help, but they were not allowed to cross water. cemented wth the new enfield rifles whos cartrifges were oiled with pork and beef fat- religious intolerance. started in meetrut then spread cawnpore and lucknow- killed all eu's in sight and spread fast. took a year to supress and when done, was done with alot of force and repression.
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brit tried to match the claim of others, made sure to claim territory where british companies were operating so to exclude other europeans from lucrative bases. i.e. imperial british east afr comp, british east ind comp, royal niger comp and brit south afr comp
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had ruled ind before mutiny, was a joint stock company, had monopoly and had made many agreements with local leaders such as the princely states
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when there is no immediate heir to a princely state, they shall fall to the british- 565 princely states who also indirectly helped administer india
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there was an existing caste-system which the british made more rigid, especially following the reprisals and favouring of certain castes who were loyal during the uprising. the bengali divisions were largely disbanded while the sikhs and the gurkas were rewarded. thus many sikhs changed their surname to singh a surname associated with sikhism inorder to be seen as a marginal race and be more likely to be hired in military
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13 provinces- used as intermediaries between brits and inds- mass population
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before army 40,000 troops after east ind comp joined crown army to make a ratio of 1:2
70,000 brits and 125,000 inds by 1880s
army had a greater nb of gurkhas and sikhs because they were loyal to brits during rev, 62 of 74 bengal troops disbanded. prevent mixing- unity = strength.
new railway of 3000 miles helped, depoly troops faster -
ladies committee for the amelioration of the condition of women in heathen countries-was made by catholic missionaries and women who were invested in helping in the empire
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went to afr- spread 3c's christianity, commerce, civilis, was a doctor, got lost henry stanley was sent to find him- sent 2000 letters back, hugely influential taught back at cambridge on his findings,
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gave all the territories to the queen
intro ind council 15 mbs experienced with ind affairs- were all brits
secretary of state position made
viceroy appointed
BRIT RAJ -
responsible for ind finance, law, army, economy and home affairs
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first went as doctor 1841, then taught at cambridge of all the minerology, language and diseases he encountered. wrote and sent back 200 letters, enslaved ppl
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large areas untouched, mughal empire finished, emperor banished to burma and his sons executed end idea of mughal empire restoration.
delhi, lucknow devestated, villages were burnt
battle at GWALIAR 180 miles outside south delhi -
from 1859-61 he toured india trying to amned those who felt alienated by brit rule
introduced star of ind medals, gave land back ton indians and increased inds positions in imperial assembly or statutory civil service. educational establsm and teaching in english. -
modernised egypt made the suez canal alongside the french- ferdinad de lesseps
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was with burton, key explorers, found victoria falls, he thought source of river nile. was not just led to sudan. died due to a gun accident-1864
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came out in 1864 by darwins cousin hubert spencer darwin, appropraited views of racial superioirty and reason and allowing brit empire
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Britains capital stood at over £80 million by 1865and latin america took 10%of this in imports and exports.
By 1865, Britain had over £80 million invested or used in global trade. Out of all that, Latin America was involved in about 10% — meaning it was an important trading partner for Britain. -
went to ind, to improve female education
made the college for female ind teachers in 1866 -
£124 mill worth of gold, 1/3 of total world production
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only 2 mill men out of 30 mill could vote, the right to vote depended on property ownership- only men over 21- the reform act allowed more men to vote, perfect opportunity to appeal to empire, encourage people to vote for conservatives.- esp as they had not won an election since 1841.
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new canals built to overcome height differences between lake eyrie and ontorio
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location of vast reserves and minerals- sought by european merchants until 2nd half of 19th century
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diamonds discovd kimberely on vaal river where west griqualand border of orange free state 1867, influx of eu.
brot annex barutaland in 1868
and 1871 west griqualand annexed
so thegriqua ppl 2000 went west to form east griqualand which was then annexed to the following year- brit 'indigenous ppl need out help' -
went exploring with livingstone, was a keen botonist, sent back muscles, was sultanate of zanzibar, lived as diplomat. which was quite a wealthy state, it had the first steam railway in africa.
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by 1870s 40% of egpy imports were british
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increased literacy, more of a reason and demand to promote empire among the masses. 1870s thus fired the public imagination-growing role of media.
against this backdrop that disraeli chose to use the backdrop of empire for political gain. -
236 mill inds lived under brit rule and were impacted by the economy and the army
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largest man made hole, 240 meters done with pixk axes and forks.
needed workers and forced migrant workers, compounds, 6 month contracts- give up freedom, brutally inhumane -
discovery of diamonds in kimberely in 1867 led to the annexation of west griqualand 1871, 2000 people left who did not want to be under british rule, 2000 moved east to form east griqualand, this too was annexed
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powerhouse of eu, posed a huge threat to britain.
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he went to find th eriver nile and got lost,
he was seen as a martyr for africa and empr -
the conservatives are the empire party
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european great depression, the dependency on african resources did alot to help
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the formation of east griqualand after the british annexed west griqualand in 1871,2000 ppl moved east this was done in 1873, this too was annexed in 1874
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had singapore in 1819,due to french expansion in the area, got malaya in 1874,north borneo and sarawak in 1881 and brunei in 1885 - counter french influence in indochina
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was started by presbyterian missionaries from australia, they pentrated deep into the land and gained the trust and confidence of the locals and shared theeir knowledge with the explorers
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was close with queen victoria, made her empress of ind, she made him earl of beaconsfield
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proposed by brits, rjctd by boers- thought it was a plot for the british to steal/ annex their territories
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egypt could afford to pay for the suez canal- huge debt, offered 4 mill shares- brit interested because when intial shares were out they were skeptical and didn;t buy many-though big ships wouldn't fit, this greatly impacted the trade and there profits in cape.
disraeli bought 44% of shares -
by the last quarter of the 19th century 20% of british imports came from the colonies and 3/4 of exports went to the colonies
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his family had the palm oil business near niger basin, very effctv as lubricant- made candies and soap.
made central african trading compp
by 1879 he convinced all comps in river niger to join his family's comp. controlled 30 posts
discovd palm kernels can make margarine- exceeded palm oil in value
450 local treaty arrangements, managed to win against rival french -
by king leopold II. africans incapable of managing/ developing their resources so europeans had to intervene. railroads and routes to africa had to be developped
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the french employed italian explorer pierre de brazza to explore and assert french influence in africa
germans-gustav nachitigal-assert their dominance -
went to calabria nigeria, where she stopped the practice of killing twins and mum - perceived by locals as being the devil.
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south afr, diamond magnate and cape colony politician
owned all sa diamond mines, 90% global production
his wealth backed his goal of bringing the world under brit influence
created de boers,
set up british sa company- allowed brits to claim sa, was chartered in 1889.
1876 went to kimberely where he found small mines and became rich quick due to rothschild -
introduced in may 1876 was to make queen victoria the empress of india, but was officially proclaimed at the delhi durbar of 1877
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the british easily disarmed communities and annexed them to the cape,the xhosa war proved no different, but this was not the case for the boers who struggled to fend of the pedi people
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the British annexed Transvaal claiming that they need to defend the white European settlers against not only the Pedi but also the Zulus, eventual defeat for them at ulundi, same with pedi after= incorporate into Natal, but boers declare independence after the indigenous are defeated.
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was to show britihs power over india
symbol of domination -
bought back a whole nubian village from sudan,
show brit, empire success -
led by Disraeli's gov,-lytton launched the invasion
the brits had 10,000 losses and the Afghans double, they wanted to fight Russian aspirations and influence in the area- threat to the British raj
the russians sent an envoy to afghanistans amir-this was accepted, brit view afghanistan as a buffer between raj and russia demand that their envoy and diplomatic mission also be accepted- british envoy killed and britain invade. huge setbacks and losses- russia alread take turkmnst and uzbkst -
the zulus had vicrtory at battle of islanwanda, but the british received a victory at rorkes drift before finally defeating them at the battle of ulundi.
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battle at majuba hill- was a decisive battle in 1881, the british gained high ground, the boears climbed up and did guerrilla tacti,cs and overwhelmed brits, who had 280 casualties where as boears had relatively limited casualties.
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the british are defeated by the boers the british have a higher level of deaths- 150 dead, forced to sign peace, transvall back to Boers. signed convention of pretoria- 1881,recognised boer self government in transvaal.
the whole war-made of little skirmishes. -
built large rail netwroks, brit scared it can challenge brit influence in india
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was when the british and the boers decided to negotiate, follwoing brit loss at majuba hill and the boer war which ended in 1881
it restored self gov of transvaal - under brit suzerainty (nominal oversight) -
had 37% of his own wealth in egyptian loans
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was to protect the 100,000 eurpoeans that lived there 1/5 of the population, arabi pasha revolt killed 6 brits, allowed brit to take more of a holdon egyp- veiled protectorate, needed for cottone 'wing to east' arabi pasha and nationalists declared war on brits and killed 50 eus- 6 brits bcuz brit wielded lots of power, reduced egyps army by 2/3, huge tax on food led to unemployment and disdain in ppl
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started of as a colon administ- his cousin was viceroy of ind
he was sent to give isma'il pasha advice in 1877, didn't take it, so he went back to eng, returned as consul general in 82
he approved the duffering refport- made egypt a veiled protectorate -
was sent to brit and egypt administered sudan, but muhammmad ahmad- 'mahdi' jihadist army , get outsiders out of sudan, generalx hciks sent with army he was beheaded and then gordon went and he too was beheaded- gladstone sent a relief army but arrived 2 days too late and so no movement done on sudan until 1896 khartoum
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symbolised the racial divides prominent in india, this would have alllowed indian magistrates and judges to judge white europeans in court, previously only white british judges could judge white europeans even though the crime was comitted in india
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made to govern certain territories in china that operated under british rule, vital for britsh trade,e,g,hong kong,robert hart made head of the customs office.
purpose of protecting british interests
informal empire in china was formed out of formal empire and importance in india- started with opium trade which financed the administration of the east india company -
he pressured brit government to claim bechuanaland which is now botswana. he was made deputy high comissioner
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offered military training and a reminder of the glorious empire
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1884- 13 nations with the us
effective occupation- carving up of africa, had to state your claim to the rest of the powers and prove that you can admister control- other powers had right to challenge the claim. Had to fly your flag there.
but the basin of the river congo had to remain neutral for trade -
adoption of the rugby union and footballing prowess, isaac newel opened school in rosario in 1884 and introduced football- argentina huge influence from the british in what consisted trade- an english banker charles morrison acquired the mercantile bank of the river plate in argentina and invested directly into the countries utilities and thus britain had an influence in everything but politics- almost like a crown colony.
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by time of berlin conf most of africa was in local hands
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where 5.5 mill more men are allowed to vote
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demanded greater role for inds in gov- made inds more politically aware.
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following general charles warren who was sent to assert brit dominance in area. he met Boer leader paul kruger- he assured he could maintain order in area, esp after gold was found at witwatersrand and bechuanaland but warren forced annexation anyway
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the british feared the presence of germans in africa, feared possible alliance between the germans and the dutch- annexed bechuanaland to prevent contact between the two.
4000 british soldiers sent under the governance of charles warren- to ensure british sovereignty in the area, kruger and warren met- kruger assured him that boers had control of the situation but warren forced annexation none the less -
allowed the british to lay claim to the area in the berlin conf- due to goldie and his 30 posts near there, claimed nigeria
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provided gold rush to the dutch boer republic of transvaal. the tin mines in cornwall shutdown and the gold mines in transvaal required experience so a 30,000 influx of brits- caused more political interv in area too
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gladstone felt sympathy for irlnd and so introduced the home rule bill- shows his reluctance for imperial status
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cecil rhodes and his company responsible for setting up fort and annexing further land-now modern day zimbabwe
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was a lingusit scholar who travelled to muslim cities and wrote many books on traditions and sexual practices, customs and fetishisms. him and john hanning speke discovery together, victoria falls which speke thought source of nile.
wrote 43 volumes and 5 books -
was pm from 1890 to 96
he endowed kids to go to oxford
removed indigenous ppl of their land so they could use it for industrial production -
the first anglican african bishop samuel crowther lashed with brit anglican missionary. crowther forced to resign for he was to laxed on the heathens
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reached to china- threatened the british who had economic influence in the area,particularly china and hong kong. this threatened britains position in central asia- part of the great game between the two countries
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went to india for 55 yrs wrote 35 book from her experience. tried to save temple children- prostitution and fit in with the locals, stained her skin with coffee
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1895 south afrcn company with rhodes tried to seize control- very embarassing JAMESON RAID, negotiations try to get rights for uitalnders- the brit whites who moved to witwatersrand for econ opport, were not allowed to vote, only after 14yrs of residence.
boers no need for brits anymmore bcuz of the delagoa bay railway portuguese which gave them access to the sea. -
as per durham report
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by cecil rhodes, south afr comp, tried to overthrown gov in south afr.
led about 500-600 men into transvaal from bechunaland. they were intercepted and embarassed, served as great boer propaganda. -
sir alfred milner, agrsv policy
tom edgar brit man killed by boer policeman, angrd brits -
capital of orange free state, kruger offer half of franchise so 7yr resdiency, milner demands after 5yr residency, meeting broke down.
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incarcerated all women and children and blacks in concentration cammps so rendered guerilla warfare inadequate and useless.
many died- diseases -
peace treaty between boers and brits