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Warfare between Minamoto and Taira clans ended in a sea battle won by Yoritomo. He became shogun in 1192, then made the town, Kamakura, his capital. It became his headquarters for 150 years (the Kamakura Shogunate).
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Troops of the Mongol emperor of China, Kublai Khan, came to Japan armed with weapons using gunpowder. A storm damaged a part of the fleet, so they retreated back to Korea.
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The second attack was defeated when a typhoon wrecked the Mongol fleet, even though they had a larger force.
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Ashikaga Takauji helped the emperor with wiping out the Hojo family (and other rivals), but then turned on the emperor and forced him to flee from Kyoto.
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After the destruction of Kamakura, Ashikaga Takauji held the reins on power. He made the emperor appoint him shogun and when he refused, he installed a new emperor that would. The next 200 years are known as the Ashikaga shogunate.
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From 1336-1392, there was a period known as the Northern and Southern Courts era because there were two emperors at the same time.
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Yoshimitsu had the Golden Pavilion built, then his son converted it into the Zen temple (with his instructions).
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This is when the decade-long war broke out. Soon after, it escalated into something nation-wide, with many daimyo fighting to name the next heir to the Ashikaga shogunal throne. The imperial and shogunal capital of Kyoto burned because Japan ended up erupting into a factional fight.
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In this battle, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the Hideyori loyalists and other Western rivals.
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The Tokugawa Shogunate began when Ieyasu defeated many of the powerful lords who ruled at that time. This period lasted for about 250 years.
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Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi clan when he captured Osaka castle, meaning that he and his successors had basically no rivals.
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The ban of Western literature was cancelled and several new teachings entered Japan from China and Europe.
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The Tokugawa government fell because of the heavy political pressure and the power of Emperor Meiji was restored.
