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Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model to the public. This model represented the sun as the middle of the solar system, with all the celestial planets including earth, orbiting the sun. This model opposed to the Church.
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In 1572, astronomer Tycho Brahe observed the first supernova ever to be seen by a human. The supernova was visible until 1574.
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Hans Janssen invented the first compound microscope for microbiology in 1590.
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Johannes Kepler, who is an astronomer found the three laws of planetary motion. The first law is that the planets orbiting the sun orbit in an ellipse and not a circle. The second law is that line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. The third law is that the average distance of a planet from the Sun cubed is directly proportional to the orbital period squared. Kepler discovered this in 1609.
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In 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered sunspots on the sun, with his telescope.
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Galileo Galilei discovered Saturn's rings using his telescope in 1610.
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Galileo Galilei discovered four moons of Jupiter called Ganymede, Europa, Callisto, and Io. He discovered this in 1612 to 1613.
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Isaac Newton discovered the three laws of motion and the universal formula for gravity. He created the book called 'hilosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica' in 1687 all about these forces.
