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Basically, by purchasing an indulgence, an individual could reduce the length and severity of punishment that heaven would require as payment for their sins, or so the church claimed. Buy an indulgence for a loved one, and they would go to heaven and not burn in hell. -
The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. -
an intellectual movement typified by a revived interest in the classical world and studies which focused not on religion but on what it is to be human. -
Petrarch is a Italian scholar, poet, and humanist. He was also a diplomat and ambassador to the surrounding areas. -
Johannes Gutenberg is known for having designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe. In 1455 he used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, which is one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type. -
Perspective refers to a technique called "linear perspective," which is a mathematical system used by artists to create the illusion of depth and space on a flat surface by making parallel lines converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line -
Johann Gutenberg's invention of movable-type printing quickened the spread of knowledge, discoveries, and literacy in Renaissance Europe. The printing revolution also contributed mightily to the Protestant Reformation that split apart the Catholic Church. -
Florentine statesman and patron of arts and letters. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. -
Leonardo da Vinci was an artist. One of his most famous art pieces was the Mona Lisa. He also was an scientist and an inventor. -
Machiavelli was a florentine Renaissance -born philosopher, public official, and author. Machiavelli was so popular for his political ideas. -
Erasmus was a Dutch humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature. -
Albrecht Durer was a painter, printmaker, and writer generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His paintings and engravings show the Northern interest in detail and Renaissance efforts to represent the bodies of humans and animals accurately. -
Michelangelo was a Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Michelangelo was known for his most famous works was The Sistine Chapel Painting. This painting was because Michelangelo was unwilling to accept the project because he believed himself to be a better sculptor than a painter. -
Thomas More was born in London in 1478 and studied to become a lawyer. Recognized for his great intelligence, impartiality, and wisdom, he rose through the ranks of Parliament and earned King Henry VIII's favor until he became Lord Chancellor in 1529. -
Raphael was a talented painter one of his famous peace of art was the papal court. -
Martin Luther, a 16th-century monk and theologian, was one of the most significant figures in Christian history. His beliefs helped birth the Reformation—which would give rise to Protestantism as the third major force within Christendom, alongside Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. -
Thomas Cranmer orchestrated Henry VIII's divorce from Katherine of Aragon and presided over England's separation from the Roman Catholic Church. He drafted the new English church's 39 Articles and the Book of Common Prayer. -
John Calvin is perhaps best known for his doctrine of predestination. He taught that God determined before all time who would be eternally saved and who would be condemned to hell. Christians, he said, should not question God's plan, but rather trust in God's good intentions for their personal life and destiny. -
Queen Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, who ruled England between 1558 and 1603. The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth became Queen aged 25, at a time of political crisis. The 'Virgin Queen' never married, but instead pledged her body to England itself. -
The Council of Trent was the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. It served to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform. -
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon"