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Rafaello Sanzio was born in 1483 in Urbino, Italy to Giovanni Santi and Magi di Battista Ciarla.
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On November 8,1494, there was uprising against Piero de' Medici in Florence, Italy.
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In the 1490s, the Medici went bankrupt. The Medici family supported the arts greatly and owned the largest bank in Europe. They payed artists to make work otherwise known as patronism.
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In 1490 in Venice, the Aldine Press opened and went on to publish the first pocket editions of poetry and Greek classics.
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Raphael's father, Giovanni Santi, died in 1494. He was a respected artist that taught Raphael the basics of art. Raphael was now an orphan since his mother, Magi di Battista Ciarla, had died 3 years earlier.
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In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci sketched the first design of a parachute.
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In 1500, a master painter named Pietro Vannunci invited Raphael to become his apprentice in Perugia. It would last 4 years and would provide Raphael with the opportunity to gain both knowledge and hands-on experience.
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The early 1500s were the times of the "Italian Wars," a series of conflicts between 1494 and 1559 that involved almost all powers in Europe.
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In 1503, the French were defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano, and Spanish forces entered Naples.
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In 1504, Raphael left his apprenticeship with Pergino and moved to Florence where he was heavily influenced by the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and others.
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In 1507, Pope Julius II announced an indulgence for the re-building of St. Peter’s.
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Through the influence of a relative, architect Donato Bramante, Raphael was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1508. There he was told to decorate several suites of rooms in the Vatican, producing frescoes and tapestry cartoons.
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In 1510, Leonardo da Vinci designed the horizontal water wheel that was the forerunner of the modern water turbine.
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The first of the rooms Raphael decorated, the Stanza della Segnatura, was completed around 1511. It contained one of his most famous works, the School of Athens.
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Raphael's decoration of the papal apartments continued after the death of Julius in 1513. Pope Leo X allowed Raphel to finished the Stanza d'Eliodoro and to continue the series.
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On August 17, 1514, Pope Leo X appointed Raphel architect to St. Peter's after seen the work he did with the rebuilding of the Basilica even if very little was completed.
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After being assigned tobe an architect for St. Peter's, Raphael completed very few paintings unaided by his assistants for his last 6 years of his life. He mostly focused on his architectural work.
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In 1515, the first nationalized French factories were set up in the manufacture of tapestries and arms.
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In 1518, Porcelain from Asia was imported to Europe from Asia.
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Leo X commissioned Raphael to design 10 large tapestries to hang on the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The tapestries woven were hung in place in the chapel by 1519 and are still in the Vatican today.
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Raphael died in April 1520 in Rome probably caused from a high fever and stress. Raphael was only 37 when he died.
