-
Claude Bernard's Discovery
Bernard was the first to link diabetes and glycogen metabolism, after discovering that the liver stores glycogen and secretes a sugary substance into the bloodstream. -
First formulation of treatment
After rationing food in Paris, Bouchardat noted the disappearance of glucose in the urine of his diabetes patients, stipulating the idea of individualized diets as a means for treatment. -
Precursor to extraction of anti-diabetic substance
Bernard and his partner, Minkowski, deduced that insulin is most likely going to originate from the islets of Langerhans, yet they lacked a method to extract the the anti diabetic substance. -
Insulin extraction
Banting and his assistant, Charles Best, extracted insulin from the pancreases of dogs and administered the substance into dogs whose pancreases had been removed. They found that the latter group's blood sugar levels decreased. Hence, a method for purification of insulin extract was created. They quickly found that they needed larger supply of organs than their dogs could provide however, so they switched to extrapolate the pancreases of cattle. -
Commercialization of Insulin
By the end of 1923, insulin became commercially produced and used to treat diabetes in western countries. -
Crystallization of insulin
Insulin became crystallized by J.J. Abel -
Introduction of zinc insulin
Protamine zinc insulin was introduced. -
Introduction of lante insulin
Lante insulin consists of micro crystals that slowly release insulin. -
Sulfonylureas: oral medication: treatment
Sulfonylureas are a class of oral medication that stimulate the production of insulin through signaling beta cells. Examples of sulfonylureas include glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, and chlorpropamide. They are still used in the U.S. today. -
Method to Measure Insulin Levels in the Blood
Solomon Berson and Rosalyn Yalow construed a method to determine insulin level in the bloodstream by using radioimmunoassay technology, making the distinction between "insulin-dependent" (type 1)" diabetes, and "non-insulin-dependent" (type 2) diabetes. -
Creation of Insulin Pumps
The first insulin pump was created by Dean Kamen. Its prototype of a 'pump' stemmed from Dr Arnold Kadish's work from 1963, who devised a system to deliver glucagon as well as insulin. AutoSyringe was the first company to manufacture and publicize the invention (then called "biostaters") of Dean Kamen in 1976. Their primary use was to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in hospitals. -
Marketing of Insulin Pen
The first insulin pen injection system is perfected and introduced to a wide range of consumers. -
Creation of External Insulin Pumps
The first Medtronic MiniMmed was released. -
Instant Glucose Tablets Introduced
After injecting an uncontrolled amount of insulin, a patient may sometimes experience hypoglycemia, wherein blood sugar levels become lower than intended. Glucose tablets, hence, reverse the effects of excessive insulin dosages by rejuvenating the blood with glucose. -
Byetta
Exenatide (Byetta) was approved in the U.S. as a first-in-class drug to treat Type 2 diabetes. This is an injectable drug works to increase insulin production in response to blood glucose levels. -
Artificial Pancreas: Trials
The first trials of artificial pancreas development begin in the U.S. -
2013: Invokana
Invokana was introduced in a new set of drugs known as the SGLT-2 inhibitors to lower elevated blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes patients. The inhibitors hinder the activity of sodium glucose transport proteins in the kidney, reduce glucose re-uptake and increase the secretion of glucose in the urine. -
Invention of the First Artificial Pancreas System
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the manufacture of the first artificial pancreas system that is intended for the continual deliverance of basal insulin and the administration of insulin boluses for the regulation of Type 1 diabetes. The machine adjusts the delivery of basal insulin depending on glucose values that the Continuous Glucose Monitor sensor evaluates, and may suspend the delivery of insulin when the sensor glucose value falls below a certain threshold.
