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John Philip Sousa
John Philip Sousa promoted the American wind-band tradition here and in Europe: an outgrowth of British military bands
The Washington Post (1889)
Semper Fidelis (1888)
Stars and Stripes Forever (1897)
El Capitan (1896) -
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Gustav Mahler
Made important expansions to symphonies and Lieder. Viennese, considered the heir to Mozart and Beethoven. Utilized aspect of the music of non-western cultures. -
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Claude Debussy
The most important French composer of the early 20th century. Most known for composing the first modern orchestral work. Such as Prelude a "L'apres-midi d'un faune" -
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Richard Strauss
German, supported Wagner's use of chromaticism that expanded on this trait
Famous for tone poems and operas
Most known are Salome 1905 and Elektra 1909 -
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Arnold Schönberg
Austrian composer, theorist, and painter, spent a good deal of time in Vienna
Created melodies atonality called “tone rows” -
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Maurice Ravel
French impressionist composer. Credited with writing the first impressionist piano piece. -
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Igor Stravinsky
Began piano lessons at age 9, harmony and counterpoint
In 1902 his father died and he met Rimsky-Korsakov, studied privately with him for 3 years
In 1909, began collaborating with Sergei Diaghilev.
Russian Period” (up to circa 1920)
“French Period” (around 1910, living in Paris)
“Neoclassical Period” (circa 1920-54)
“Serialist [US] Period” (circa 1954-68)
The Rite of Spring, 1913 was seen as "ridiculous” and the music “sheer cacophony. . . The work of a madman.” -
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Louis Durey
Born in Paris –non-musical family
Instigated the first Les Six album
Wrote songs for the French Resistance during WWII
Wrote with Vietnamese themes in the 1960s as a protest to the war -
Impressionism
One of the first anti-romantic styles. Disregarded chord progression rules. In paintings it had emphasis on color. -
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Maximalist
The use of extreme chromaticism, sizes of performance groups, extreme use of themes and motives and thick textures -
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Post-Romanticism
Range of cultural products and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism -
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Sergei Prokofiev
Russian composer: orchestral pieces, piano works and film music
Seven symphonies, suites, incidental music, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, one cello concerto, operas, ballets, choral music, film scores, and other works.
“Peter and the Wolf” (1936) -
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Arthur Honegger
Born to Swiss parents – considered himself Swiss
Huge compositional output in all mediums
Appreciated the “architecture of music”
Composed most of his works on commission -
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Darius Milhaud
Born on the southern coast of France
Studied Debussy, immediately rejected Impressionism
Became close friends with Tailleferre – gave her needed encouragement to continue composing
Traveled to Brazil with Claudel in 1918 – this influenced his compositions
American Jazz also influenced his work
Composed Scaramouche for two pianos then arranged for Alto Saxophone and has become a standard repertoire -
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Germaine Tailleferre
Only female of les six
Played for kids at their school in her 80s
Composed lots of harp music at the Paris conservatoire
Did piano Accompaniment and was very famous throughout Paris
Wore clothes and jewelry from Coco Chanel herself -
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George Auric
Born in southern France
Studied composition in Paris with Satie’s teachers
Neo-classicist
Film Music
Ran SACEM
Music journalist -
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Francis Poulenc
Born in Paris to rich parents
Self-Taught, but had musical tutors
With Milhaud, traveled to meet Schoenberg, Webern, and Berg, but both rejected their style
His partner Pierre Bernac (baritone) premiered many of his songs -
Primitivism
A sensibility or cultural attitude that has informed diverse aspects of Modern art – it alludes to specific stylistic elements of tribal objects and other non-Western art forms -
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The Second Viennese School
group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and close associates in early 20th-century Vienna.. -
Expressionism
Focused on completely freeing music from tonality
No chord progression rules -
Pierrot lunaire
Pierrot lunaire genre: song cycle
21 poems, all from the Belgian symbolist poet Albert Giraud’s Pierrot lunaire
Divided into 3 sets of 7 poems
Written for solo voice and 5 instrumentalists:
Violin, viola
Cello
Flute, piccolo
Clarinet, bass clarinet
piano -
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WWI
World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. -
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Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the interwar period, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint. -
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Les Six
A group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss. Together or separately. In 1920 the group published an album of piano pieces together, known as L'Album des Six and 1921 : Les mariés de la tour eiffei -
Serialism
Arnold Schoenberg's 12 tone method. The method assumes absolutely equal harmonic and tonal relationships among all 12 notes
This is the tone row – the pitch order must stay the same
The piece is composed based on this row, following counterpoint guidelines
