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Mallarmé
Mallarmé was a French poet was known for his use of symbolism. Many of his poems were sonnets written in twelve-syllable alexandrine which puts emphasis on the sixth syllable in the line. Mallarmé's poems were the inspiration for many musical pieces by composers such as Debussy and Ravel. -
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Albeniz
A Spanish composer and pianist who is known for his piano and dramatic works as well as his orchestral works. -
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Mahler
Mahler was an Austrian composer who conducted in Europe and the USA. Many of his orchestral works represent maximalism. Some of his works included 5 orchestral song cycles, large 10 programmatic symphonies, and chamber music. -
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Debussy
Debussy was a French composer and pianist who invented musical impressionism. His works include one opera, one ballet, chamber and piano music, and orchestral pieces that resemble tone poems. -
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Mascagni
Mascagni was an Italian composer and conductor who is known for his operas, songs, and other vocal-instrumental works. He became the first official composer of the Fascist regime in the 1930a -
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Strauss
Strauss' works embody maximalism. He was an accomplished conductor and composed symphonic tone poems and some of the first modern operas. He used excessive amounts of motives, harmonic chromaticism, and huge orchestration in his compositions. -
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Satie
Satie was not an impressionist but led the way in French aesthetics which impressionism was built upon. His works include songs, piano and dramatic works, and writings. -
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Ives
Ives is an American composer who is credited for establishing atonality. He worked in isolation and made his living off of selling insurance. -
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Schoenberg
Sheonberg is the father of 12-tone music who composed many kids f works such as operas, symphonies, canons, and writings. He was also the teacher of Webern and Berg. -
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Ravel
Ravel was a French impressionist composer who is credited for composing the first impressionist piano piece. He was an expert in orchestration and his other works included operas, ballets, and vocal and piano pieces. -
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Respighi
Respighi was an Italian composer who is known for his tone poems, vocal and piano works, and concertos which were heavily influenced by the use of impressionism -
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Webern
Webern was a student of Schoenberg and is known for his musical preciseness and clarity of his texture. Webern uses pointillism where the pitches of a melody are presented a few at a time rather than in one melodic line from a single instrument. Webern wrote symphonies and orchestral and chamber music but no operas. -
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Berg
Berg was a student of Schoenberg and often used atonality in his works. He has written operas, orchestral works, concertos, and chamber music writings and is known for his use of expressive language. -
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Boulanger
Boulanger was an important French teacher of composers in the 20th century who taught many of the most well-known American composers such as Copland, Thompson, and Harris. -
Javanese Gamelan
Impressionism was highly influenced by the Javanese Gamelan, a percussive ensemble including a collection of drums, gongs, xylophones, and sometimes other plucked strigs instruments as well as vocalists. This ensemble used a non-western tuning system that included the use of microtones. -
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Impressionism
Impressionism music disregarded chord progression rules such as unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, and free rhythms. The use of the penatonic and whole tone scales was very common and the French had a very heavy influence. Painting styles included lots of bright colors and played with the use of light. -
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Maximalism
Maximalism music consisted of heavy chromaticism, thick textures, theme and motive complexity, and largely sized performance groups. -
Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall opens in New York City -
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Lili Boulanger
Boulanger was a French composer who wrote operas, choral music, cantatas, and orchestral music. She is the sister to Nadia Boulanger and was the first woman to win the French scholarship, Prix de Rome, in 1913. -
"Prelude to 'The Afternoon of a Faun'"
Debussy's tone poem, based on symbolist Stephane Mallarme's poem, consisted of free ternary form and impressionistic pieces. In this work, the tempo, key, and meter are vague and not precise and the flute represents the faun that is mentioned in the poem. -
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Expressionism
Expressionism emerged from Germany and the idea of one singular pitch being the tonal center was disregarded, thus the domination of atonality. Harmonies and texture were unpredictable and often impossible to analyze.