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Segregated schools were unconstitutional. African-America children were receiving a less than education compared to their White counterparts.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
This act passed by the US Government prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
Also known as, ESEA. It is the most historical education policy because it contains the Bilingual Education Act, that has a federal goal of helping limited-English speaking students or emergent bilinguals. It also helps put money aside for school districts enrolling large numbers of non-English speaking students.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
It was unanimously decided by the US Supreme Court, the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964
https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf -
Eligibility for educational services were available to students of any socioeconomic status who had limited English proficiency.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
States have to ensure that education agencies take action to eliminate language barriers that prevent equal participation by students in instructional programs.
(20 USC Sec.1703(f))
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018) -
Students with more general Limited English Proficiency (LEP), were eligible for services and the"transitional" nature of bilingual education was reinforced.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Schools must only use programs that "produce results." All schools must use "recognized" educational theories.
(Garcia & Kleifner, 2018) -
Provided funding for programs that strictly used English in educating ELL's. Only 4% of the funding was reserved for these programs.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
25% of English-only programs were funded; the amount of programs receiving money went up dramatically. It imposed a 3 year maximum in transitional bilingual education programs; schools had 3 years to make ELL's fluent in English.
http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/return-bilingual-education -
Two-Way Bilingual Education programs were getting more recognition; the cap for English-only programs that was legislated, was lifted.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Banned bilingual education in the state of Arizona and limits school services for emergent bilinguals to 1 year of strictly English structured immersion programs; includes ESL and content-based interaction in English
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018). -
Law passed in Arizona; changed immersion programs into 4 hours a day block classes of English development.
(Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018).
