-
Gimnosperms include Coniferophytas which are shrubs and trees, Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia, Gingo and Cycas. Coniferophytas produce pollen. Conifers are pollinated by wind.
They reproduce through seeds which are found in cones on branches. -
Ephedras belong to angyosperms, as well as coniferophytas, and in consequence ephedras reproduce similarly to conipherophytas, through pollen.
As fact, Ephedra foeminea, only reproduces, pollination of the plant, only occurs dyring days of full moon. It was discovered by Catarina Rydin and Kristina Bolinder. The discovery was published in the year 2015 at the The Royal Society Biology Letters.
Title of the study:
Moonlight pollination in the gymnosperm Ephedra (Gnetales) -
Cycas is another phyla that belongs to gymnosperms, as ephedras and coniferophytas. These plants also reproduce by pollen, through wind or insect pollination.
These plants appeared at around the same time as coniferophytas and ephedras. -
Angiospermophyta include flowering plants.
These plants are pollinated either by wind or by animals.
The plants contain flowers that porduce pollen and they reproduces through seeds which are associated with either a fruit or a nut. -
Ferns appeared around 430 million years ago. The mechanism of reproduction of ferns occurs through spores, as they are classified as filicinophytas.
-
Filicinophytas appeared around 450 million years ago.
These plant phyla include club mosses, horsetails and ferns.
Filicinophytas carry reproduction by producing spores, in a similar way as bryophytas. -
Bryophytas appeared 475 million years ago.
These phyla include mosses and livermorts.
The system of reproduction of the phyla is through spores contined in capsules in small stalks above plants. -
Chlorophytas are one of the first algaes that appeared on Earth.
At almost the same time other several types of algaes appeared too. For example, Prasinophyceae and Charales.
