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Declared by Emperor Constantine who became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and the notion of orthodoxy, Christendom, ecumenical councils and the state church of the Roman Empire declared by edict in 380. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
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These are what I determine to be the 10 key events guiding the primative development of British Literature.
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Introduces English language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain
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Author and date of coposition unknown, but scholars put it in the 8th century.
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*Battle of Hastings
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It resulted in a substantial weakening of the Christian Byzantine Empire, which fell several centuries later to the Muslim Turks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
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War between England and France resulting in French victory, development of standing armines, and changing role of peasantry. It solidified English nationalism and signaled fall of French language in England.
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The "father" of modern English literature. His achievement for the language can be seen as part of a general historical trend towards the creation of a vernacular literature. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer#English
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1387 - 1400
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Establishes Lancastrian Monarchy
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Established Tudor Monarchy and heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_roses#Aftermath_and_effects
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standardising the English language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caxton#Caxton_and_the_English_language
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by Sir Thomas Malory
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Ignited Protestant reformation in Germany
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Separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church enabling England to become a nation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England#Legacy
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Henry VIII is declared Head of church of England which led to repression of protestantism. This directly affected many monks who played a primary role in preserving literature who went into hiding. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England#Separation_from_Rome
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Declared religious leadership a theocracy and Protestantism flourished. http://www.darienps.org/teachers/sbalazs/WC12009/WCII%20Calvin%20Geneva.pdf
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It was during Edward's reign that Protestantism was established for the first time in England with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass and the imposition of compulsory services in English. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England
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Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.
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Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion". - lending to protestant influence on literature
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1,34,54,64,67,75,79
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Shakespeare's influence in literature and drama
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End of high Elizabethan Era, and beginning of Stuar dynasty
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3, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 29, 30, 33, 55, 60, 62, 65, 71, 73, 80, 85,87, 93, 94, 97, 196, 116, 129, 130, 135, 138, 144, 146, 147, 152
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leads to heliocentric theory which changes man's perception of self and univers
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left religions, people, land, royal authorities and the arts ravaged.
It also rearranged Europen powers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_years_war#Political_consequences -
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(sonnets 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19)
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Archbishop of Canterbury. Leader of many univerities and contemporary thougth. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism. This, and his support for King Charles I, resulted in his beheading in the midst of the English Civil War. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Laud
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Huge contribution to focus and patronage of the arts.
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Student of Shakespeare, Leading thinker/phiolosopher of day - shaped literature of time.
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Ultimately, it resulted in the English Navy gaining control of the seas around England, and forced the Dutch to accept an English monopoly on trade with England and English colonies - spreading English influence. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War
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Provided English Protestant dominance over England and Ireland - just so much info not sure what all to include.
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Reopening of theaters and rekindled interest in arts
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This was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England. The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people, about 20% of London's population. Created a feeling of divine retribution or the end times.
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The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming
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huge influence on direction of literature and thought
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Death of Great literary and intellectual figure marks end of the Early 17th Century period in British Literture.
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William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.
Much importance placed on intellectual development - william and mary -
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America severs ties with Britan including politically, socially, and economically (largely but not completely)
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Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".[1] He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson
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Introduction, Chimney Sweep, Lamb, Holy Thursday, Tyger, London
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An eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_wollstonecraft
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Beginning of freeing and educating of slves.
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The Quarterly Review was a literary and political periodical founded in March 1809 by the well known London publishing house John Murray.
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Napoleon's defeat. I ushered in almost half a century of international peace in Europe; no further major conflict occurred until the Crimean War. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Aftermath
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An English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen
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The London Magazine was founded in 1732[1] in political opposition to the Tory-based Gentleman's Magazine[2] and ran for 53 years until its closure in 1785.It was during this time the magazine enjoyed its greatest literary prosperity publishing poetic luminaries such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Clare and John Keats. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_magazine
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He was one of the main figures of the second generation of romantic poets along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his work only having been in publication for four years before his death.The poetry of Keats is characterized by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most analyzed in English literature. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats
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He was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Percy Shelley was a key member of a close circle of visionary poets and writers. Shelley is perhaps best known for such classic poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud and The Masque of Anarchy, which are among the most popular and critically acclaimed poems in the English language. http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
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It resulted in the establishment of Anglican religious. It incorporated ideas and practices related to the practice of liturgy and ceremony in a move to bring more powerful emotional symbolism and energy to the church. In particular it brought the insights of the Liturgical Movement into the life of the Church. Its effects were so widespread that the Eucharist gradually became more central to worship, vestments became common, and numerous Roman Catholic practices.
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Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom.
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Copyrights were declared to be personal property, and thus capable of bequest.
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The massive famine soured the relations between the majority of the Catholic Irish people and the Crown in London, heightening Irish nationalism that eventually led to Irish independence in the 20th century.
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Robert:Ian Jack comments that Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot "all learned from Browning's exploration of the exploration of the possibilities of dramatic poetry and of colloquial idiom".Elizabeth:Her poetry greatly influenced Emily Dickinson, who admired her as a woman of achievement. Her popularity in the United States and Britain was further advanced by her stands against social injustice, including slavery in the United States, injustice toward Italian citizens .
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Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as "Break, Break, Break", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", "Tears, Idle Tears" and "Crossing the Bar". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as Ulysses.A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplaces of the English language.
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The Elementary Education Act 1870, commonly known as Forster's Education Act, set the framework for schooling of all children between ages 5 and 12 in England and Wales.
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this represents the technological advances that are reflected in the writing of the period.
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end of victorian age and succession of Edward VII
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instant ommunication between the hemishpheres, sharing of information.
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relativity in physics and philosophy
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1914 - 1918
First world wide crisis - an upheaval of the world as all knew it. -
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Establishment of further women's rights and supremacy
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Given as a message to students at Oxford on brink of WWII
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1939 - 1945
Ravaged europ - especially Britain. -
The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date
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ca. 43 - 420
Brings Brittania under Roman Republic and beginning system of "client kingdoms" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain -
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indicates technical advancements
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Its aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market
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British PM. 1979 - 1990
The longest-serving (1979–1990) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. "The Iron Lady" -
The fall of the Wall was the first step toward German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall#Celebrations
