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The chapter three timeline goes from 300-1350, most Scholars usually say from 500-1500, or 476 the fall of the Roman empire to 1492, the discovery of America.
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The "Micrologus" was a treatise that was famous for explaining voice-leading rules in Gregorian chant and the Hexachord system. He also made a system of Solmization, which would develop into our modern day solfege. The Micrologus used musical staffs which is often attributed to Guido and eventually became standard for all notated music.
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This treatise introduced the first real standardized use of notated time. A breve would divide out into semi-breve and minim. A breve would divide out into groups of three because of the symbolic importance of the trinity.
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The myth of the Pope Marcellus Mass was that it saved polyphonic music from the council of Trent. A goal of the council of trend was to keep secular elements out of the church, and because of how difficult it was to understand the words to polyphonic music, it was about to be banned by the new cannon low. The Pope commissioned a work written polyphonically here the words could be understood, resulting in this work.
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The piece is significant because it is the first European work to specifically call for brass instruments likes the sackbut and cornett. This piece also had notated uses for dynamics, which had not appeared before.
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This was the first Opera to enter the standard repertory. Opera was written for the wedding of Duke Mantua's daughter. The opera follows the story of the Greek god of music Orpheus in his struggle to revive his fallen wife Euridice. The first performance of the opera featured the librettist Alessandro Striggio and only men were allowed to perform the first performance.
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Public concerts began in England in 1672, and where the first to pioneer them. The English public concerts culminated into three trends,
1) Increased desire for the middle class to listen to music,
2) Excellent musicians joining royal courts and theatres,
3) Professional musicians supplementing their income because of lackluster wages from the royal courts.
Public concerts were available to anyone who could purchase a ticket, which started a trend of consumer culture. -
German Composer
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L'Estro Armonico was a collection of 12 violin concertos written by Vivaldi. The collection was published by by Etienne Roger in Amsterdam, the most prestigious publisher in Europe at the time. This collection of concertos was significant because it helped to codify the mature baroque concerto form, and because it propagated the popularity of the Italian concerto throughout the continent.
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The "Traité de l’harmonie" was a text that described the framework of music theory that we still use today. Rameau outlined the pillars of western harmony (sub-dominant-dominant-tonic) and the fundamental bass line. He was the first to bring all the core theoretical ideas together, making his text one of the most influential pieces for all the composers and theorist after him.
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The Well-Tempered Clavier was a collecting of Preludes and fugues in all 12 of the major and minor keys(48 pieces). The purpose of the work was to demonstrate the characteristics of each of each key signature under the new equal temperament system. The writing in this text was also fantastic, it is a pillar for education and performance to this way.
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This oratorio was performed in Dublin in 1742 during lent. The music presents a series of contemplations on Christian ideas extending from Isaiah's prophecy to the reresection of Christ. The piece is views as innovative and new because of How Handel incorporated the chorus into the story and used narrative elements.
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Was the Music Director of Concert des Amateurs between 1773-1781, which was viewed as one of the best orchestras in Europe. He was the son of a French colonial official and a slave. He was revered as one of the best composers in Europe at the time and President John Adams called him the most accomplished man in Europe. He was also a master swordsman.
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Don Giovanni was a satire opera that is considered to be one of Mozart's greatest works.
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This Symphony was significant for a number of reasons. For one, I corresponded to the tim when Beethoven became increasing aware of his deafness- which likely contributed to his instrument and textural choices. The transition between the 3rd and 4th movement are thought to be "The greatest of all time."
Also famous for being first to incorporate trombone, piccolo and Contra-Bassoon -
This was a Lied composed to set the poem written by Goethe of the same name. The music was through composed and featured a singer who would shift his perspective between 4 characters- the Erlkönig, a father, his son, and a narrator. -
Paganini's 24 caprices were a set of technical etudes that were written to sharply contrast with the stylistic norms of the time. All the Caprices were theme and variations, and the work was dedicated to all musicians. At the time, the music was deemed unplayable.
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The Mazurkas were sets of polish dance music, but through Chopin's efforts to write the music the dance style is almost entirely associated with Chopin today. A Chopin Mazurka features a dance meter, but often features lots of rubato, chromaticism, and left hand arpeggiated runs for most of the accompaniment.
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This work is famous for being on of the first major programmatic Symphonies. It is regarded as on of the first major endeavors into psychedelic music. The Instrumentation of the Symphony was large- requiring about 90 musicians
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Music written by the talented Sister of Felix Mendelssohn, The work was a set of 12 character pieces- one for each month of the year. The music was performed to commemorate her fathers birthday.
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This music was written during a trip to Porto Rico and featured a mix of local Puerto Rican rhythms and Styles. (tresillo,cinquillos, ash a Habanera). The work also featured components of the Ragtime style that did not yet exist, and arpeggiated figures reminiscent of Chopin. The melody was based on a Christmas theme the towns peasants would sing.
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A suite of 10 piano works inspired by the painter Viktor Hartmann. The work is a major piece of the modern orchestral repertoire. -
The work featured the normative 4 part singer quartet and was about the gypsy Carmen. To encapsulate the gypsy character, the interval of the augmented 2nd was heavily used. The work is though to be exotic because of the many Caribbean rhythms used throughout is, such as in the habanera. -
This set of operas (or musical dramas) was significant for its length, its use of Leitmotif's, a larger array of orchestral brass instruments. -
This symphony Was significant in the course of our class because of the chromatic nature of the Primary theme in the first movement. The motif would go on to inspire other composers like schoenberg to develop 12 tone music -
This work was controversial for its usage of a funeral march that features two prominent character themes, the catholic Frère Jacques and a klezmer inspired theme. The Symphony was initially poorly received.
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The work was written by Dvorak during his time teaching in the US. In incorporated native American, African spirituals, and Appalachian music. -
The 5th Symphony was a major work famous for responding to criticism that Stain himself had made on compositions by Shostakovich on Pravda a few years prior. The music simultaneously rebels and mocks the socalist society while adhering to the formal restrictions demanded by prior criticism. At the end of the Primere, the audience applause lasted over an hour. -
This was a major work of Soviet Cinema that was created in conjunction and collaboration with the composer Prokofiev. The soundtrack won several awards and Prokofiev later make a concerto with it. It remains A gold standard of cinematography to this day. -
An 8-movement work scored for Clarinet, Violin, Cello, and piano. The music was composed and premiered for the first time in a concentration camp. The work is harmonically complex and historically significant. My favorite of the 8 movements is the Dance of fury for 7 trumpets. While the title is a bit of a misnomer, it has a fascinating usage off parallelism and the melodic (and rhythmic) composition is very abstract -
Copland was famous for setting large and nuanced arrangements of America folk music and cowboy music. The "Ballet for Marth" from the Appalachian spring won a Pulitzer prize the following year. The writing styles has large open 5ths and features. -
This is what this work of contemporary music sounded like,
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It's by design chance music, which emphasizes the sounds of the natural environment and audience. By definition no two performance will be the same. -
The Poème électronique was a major step in the direction of modern electronic music. It was a pavilion at the world fair designed to play three separate tracks of electronic music designed to simulate music. The original idea was to create a poem in a bottle and show case the new audio engineering. -
This album was a "Milestone" of sorts, it was a full jazz album intended to be listened to back to back. It was Iconic for using virtuosic jazz improvisation in conjunction with impressionistic techniques and modal writing -
A five movement work written in Spanish by George Crumb designed to encapsulate the sound of child innocence. It's a vocal song cycle that includes an eclectic assortment of instruments. It is most famous for its eerie sounds and textures -
Short Ride in a fast Machine was a Minimalist work written by John Adams shortly after he had an exciting car ride in eastern California. It Is a prime example of the minimalism writing style, and features several meter changes under a constant tempo
