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Characteristic instruments of this era include the flute, dulcimer, and lyra, as well as the recorder and lute.
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Instruments special to the Renaissance Era include the sackbut (like a trombone), lute, viol de gamba, and keyboard instruments like the organ and harpsichord.
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The harpsichord, pipe organ, viol, lute and flutes/recorders were popular during the Baroque Era. I’m calling it the Bach era because he’s one of the most famous composers of the time period.
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As music became more structured, orchestra size/presence increased, harpsichords were replaced with forte/pianos, and dynamic markings and phrasing began to appear more consistently.
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The Romantic era generally included only lieder, a German song containing only a single vocalist and a piano.
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Modern music contains anything from electronically generated dance beats to simple guitar and piano melodies.