-
Period: 800 BCE to 146 BCE
Bases of Western music
In Greece.
It had a great development and was linked to poetry and theatrical performances. INSTRUMENTS: Lyre, harp, aulos, organ or hydraulos. -
Period: 400 to 1400
MIDDLE AGES
Music linked to religion and performed by the clergy.
In the monasteries, MUSICAL NOTATION arose.
Pneumatic notation_: Neumes, straight or curved lines that traced the melodic design.
Square notation_: Evolution from pneumatic to square signs indicating the pitch of sounds -
800
APPEARANCE OF POLYPHONY
Polyphony appeared as an evolution of Gregorian chant, when musicians began to introduce a second voice -
1000
THE TROUBADOUR MOVEMENT
It emerged in France at the end of the 11th century and spread throughout Europe -
1033
Guido d'Arezzo
was an Italian music theorist and pedagogue of High medieval music. A Benedictine monk, he is regarded as the inventor—or by some, developer—of the modern staff notation that had a massive influence on the development of Western musical notation and practice. -
1098
Born Hildegard von Bingen
German religious composer who composed liturgical pieces for her community and was the creator of the first extant musical liturgical drama -
Period: 1100 to 1200
ARS ANTIQUA
The ORGANUM was developed, which adds a second voice parallel to the original voice of a Gregorian chant.
Other forms of the Ars Antiqua are the CONDUCTUS (all its voices are newly created) and the MOTETE (two or three voices with a different text each at a different rhythm). -
1130
Born Bernart de Ventadorn
was a French poet-composer troubadour of the classical age of troubadour poetry.[1] Generally regarded as the most important troubadour in both poetry and music,[1] his 18 extant melodies of 45 known poems in total is the most to survive from any 12th-century troubadour. -
1200
Born Perotin
was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor Léonin, with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies. -
1200
Born Leonin
was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was probably French, probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre Dame Cathedral and was the earliest member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style who is known by name. The name Léonin is derived from "Leoninus," which is the Latin diminutive of the name Leo; therefore it is likely that Léonin's given French name was Léo. -
1221
Born Alfonso X el Sabio
was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. -
Period: 1300 to 1400
ARS NOVA
The ORGANUM was developed, which adds a second voice parallel to the original voice of a Gregorian chant.
Other forms of the Ars Antiqua are the CONDUCTUS (all its voices are newly created) and the MOTETE (two or three voices with a different text each at a different rhythm) -
Period: 1400 to 1500
Franco-Flemish school.
-
Period: 1400 to
RENAISSANCE
This period began in Italy and aimed to revive the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
HUMANISM developed and the CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS BY FAMILIES.
A new musical style is created based on medieval music, as it could not be inspired by classical music because there were no records from that period -
1455
INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which promoted the spread of music. -
Period: 1500 to
SPANISH SCHOOL
-
Period: 1500 to
ITALIAN SCHOOL
-
1517
BEGINNING OF THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION
This was initiated by Luther in Germany and gave rise to Protestantism. -
1545
START OF CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION
It was the Catholic Church's response to Luther's Protestant Reformation. -
1567
BORN CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI
Most representative composer of Italian baroque opera -
Period: to
BAROQUE
Artistic period .
During this period, the power remained in the hands of the monarchy, the aristocracy and the church. -
Born Bárbara Strozzi
Composer born in Venice. She was also a composer, soprano singer and lute player. She is considered the greatest composer of cantatas of the entire Baroque -
Born GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄENDEL
German-born composer, although he spent most of his career in England, where he achieved great prestige. -
Born JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
German composer and organist. He created works for both instrumental and vocal music -
BORN ANTONIO VIVALDI
Italian composer, violinist and teacher.
He excelled as a composer of instrumental music and composed more than five hundred concertos for musical instruments. -
Born Cristoph Willibald Gluck
was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period. Born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia,[1] both part of the Holy Roman Empire, he gained prominence at the Habsburg court at Vienna. There he brought about the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices for which many intellectuals had been campaigning -
Born Joseph Haydn
was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio.[2] His contributions to musical form have led him to be called "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" -
Period: to
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism was an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the mid-eighteenth century and lasted until the nineteenth century. It was based on the renewal of the philosophical and aesthetic values of Classical Antiquity and the cult of reason, interpreted as models for the construction of modernity. -
Born Nannerl Mozart
was a musician, the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and daughter of Leopold.When she was seven years old, her father Leopold Mozart started teaching her to play the harpsichord. Leopold took her and Wolfgang on tours of many cities, such as Vienna and Paris, to showcase their talents.
However, given the views of her parents, prevalent in her society at the time, it became impossible as she grew older for her to continue her career any further -
Born Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart,[n 2] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition resulted in more than 800 works of virtually every genre of his time. Mozart is widely regarded as among the greatest composers in the history of Western music,[1] with his music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance and its richness of harmony and texture -
Born Maria Theresia Von Paradis
was an Austrian musician and composer who lost her sight at an early age, and for whom her close friend Mozart may have written his Piano Concerto No. 18 in B-flat major. She was also in contact with Salieri, Haydn, and Gluck. -
Period: to
ROMANTICISM
Romanticism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Germany and England. From there it spread throughout Europe and America. The Romantic movement is based on the expression of subjectivity and creative freedom in opposition to the academicism and rationalism of neoclassical art. -
Born Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Rossini was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces, and some sacred music. He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring from large-scale composition while still in his thirties, at the height of his popularity. -
Born Franz Peter Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert was an Austrian composer of the beginnings of musical Romanticism but, at the same time, a continuator of the classical sonata following the model of Ludwig van Beethoven. -
Born Louis Hector Berlioz
Louis Hector Berlioz was a French composer and leading figure of Romanticism. His best known work is the Symphonie fantastique, premiered in 1830. -
Born Felix Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn, whose full name was Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, was a German composer, conductor and pianist of Romantic music, and brother of fellow pianist and composer Fanny Mendelssohn. -
Born Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin was a Polish teacher, composer, and pianist, considered one of the most important in history and one of the greatest representatives of musical Romanticism. His marvelous technique, stylistic refinement and harmonic elaboration have been compared historically, for their influence on later music, with those of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Franz Liszt or Sergey Rachmaninov -
Born Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann was a German composer, pianist and music critic of the 19th century, considered one of the most important and representative composers of musical Romanticism. -
Born Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt was an Austro-Hungarian Romantic composer, a pianist, conductor, piano teacher, arranger and secular Franciscan. His Hungarian name was Liszt Ferencz, according to modern usage Liszt Ferenc, and from 1859 to 1865 he was officially known as Franz Ritter von Liszt. -
Born Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, conductor, poet, essayist, playwright and musical theorist of Romanticism. His operas, described as "musical dramas" by the composer himself, stand out, in which, unlike other composers, he also wrote the libretto and the scenography. -
Born Francesco Verdi
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian romantic opera composer, one of the most important of all time. His work serves as a bridge between the bel canto of Rossini, Donizetti and Bellini, and the current of verismo and Puccini. -
Born Clara Schumann
Clara Schumann, was a German pianist, composer and piano teacher. She was one of the great European concert pianists of the 19th century and her career was key in the dissemination of the compositions of her husband, Robert Schumann. Considered one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence in a 61-year concert career, and changed the format and repertoire of the exhibition piano recital from virtuosity to programs of serious works. -
Born Smetana
Bedřich Smetana was a composer born in Bohemia, a region that during his lifetime was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer in the development of a musical style that was closely linked to Czech nationalism. For this reason, he is recognized in his country as the father of Czech music. He is internationally known for his opera The Bartered Bride and for the cycle of symphonic poems Má vlast that represent the history, legends and landscapes of the composer's homeland. -
Born Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms was a German composer, pianist and conductor of Romanticism, considered the most classical of the composers of that period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. -
Born Musorgski
The Russian nationalist musical school had in the members of the so-called Group of Five its greatest exponents. Of them, Modest Mussorgsky was the one who best knew how to reflect the soul of the Russian people, in spite of the deep deficiencies of his technical preparation. -
Period: to
POST-ROMANTICISM
-
Born Chaikovski
Pyotr Ilich Chaikovsky was a Russian composer of the Romanticism period. He is the author of some of the most famous classical music works in today's repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, the overture-fantasy Romeo and Juliet, the First Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, his Fourth, Fifth and Sixth symphonies, and the operas Eugene Onegin and The Lady in Spades -
Born Leopold Dvorak
Antonín Leopold Dvořák was a Bohemian post-Romantic composer, one of the first Czech composers to achieve worldwide recognition and one of the great composers of the second half of the 19th century. He frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the example of his predecessor, the Romantic-era nationalist Bedřich Smetana. -
Born Edvard Grieg
Edvard Grieg, was a Norwegian composer and pianist, considered one of the leading representatives of late Romanticism. He adapted many themes and songs from the folklore of his country, thus contributing to create a Norwegian national identity, as did Jean Sibelius in Finland or Antonín Dvořák in Bohemia. -
Born Rimski Korsakov
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakova was a Russian composer, conductor and pedagogue who was a member of the group of composers known as The Five. Considered a master of orchestration, his best-known orchestral works-the Spanish Caprice, the Great Russian Easter Overture and the symphonic suite Scheherezade-are valued among the major works in the classical music repertoire, as are the suites and excerpts from some of his fifteen operas. -
Born Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria, better known simply as Giacomo Puccini, was an Italian opera composer, considered among the greatest, of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. -
Born Hugo Wolf
Hugo Filipp Jakob Wolf was an Austrian composer of Slovenian origin who lived in Vienna during the late 19th century. An enthusiastic follower of Richard Wagner, he became involved in the disputes in Vienna at that time between Wagnerians and Formalists or Brahmsians. -
Born Gustav Malher
Gustav Mahler was an Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor whose works are considered, along with those of Richard Strauss, the most important of post-Romanticism. -
Born Debussy
Achille Claude Debussya was a French composer, one of the most influential of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some authors consider him the first impressionist composer, although he categorically rejected the term. -
Born Jean Sibelius
Jean Sibelius, registered at birth as Johan Julius Christian Sibelius. Finnish composer and violinist of late Romanticism and early Modernism. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and, through his music, is often credited with helping Finland develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia. -
Born Arnold Scönberg
Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian composer, music theorist and painter of Jewish origin. Since immigrating to the United States in 1934, he adopted the name Arnold Schoenberg, and this is how he usually appears in English-language publications and around the world. -
Born Joseph Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel was a French composer of the 20th century. His work, often linked to impressionism, also shows a bold neoclassical style and sometimes features of expressionism, and is the fruit of a complex heritage and musical findings that revolutionized music for piano and orchestra. -
Born Manuel de Falla
Manuel de Falla y Matheu was a Spanish composer of musical nationalism, one of the most important composers of the first half of the 20th century, along with Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina and Joaquín Rodrigo, and one of the most important Spanish composers of all time. -
Born Belá Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók, known as Béla Bartók was a Hungarian musician who excelled as a composer, pianist and researcher of Eastern European folk music. He is considered one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. He was one of the founders of ethnomusicology, based on the relationship between ethnology and musicology. -
Born Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian composer and conductor and one of the most important and transcendental musicians of the 20th century. -
Born Joaquín Turina
Joaquín Turina Pérez (Sevilla, 9 de diciembre de 1882-Madrid, 14 de enero de 1949) fue un compositor y musicólogo español representante del nacionalismo en la primera mitad del siglo xx. Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz y él compusieron las obras más importantes del impresionismo en España. Sus obras más importantes son Danzas fantásticas y La procesión del Rocío. -
Born Zoltán Kodály
Zoltán Kodály was an outstanding Hungarian musician whose musical style first went through a post-romantic-Viennese phase and then evolved towards its main characteristic: the mixture of folklore and complex harmonies of the 20th century A.D., shared with Béla Bartók. -
Born Heitor Villalobos
Heitor Villa-Lobos was a Brazilian conductor and composer. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and European classical music. -
Born George Gershwin
George Gershwin was an American musician, composer and pianist. He is popularly recognized for having achieved a perfect amalgamation between classical music and jazz, which is evident in his prodigious works. -
Born Oliver Messiaen
Olivier Messiaen was a French composer, organist, pedagogue and ornithologist, one of the most outstanding musicians of the century. His fascination for Hinduism, his admiration for nature and birds, his deep Christian faith and his love of instrumental color were fundamental to his formation as a person and artist. -
Born Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer was a French composer. He is considered the creator of concrete music. He is the author of the book entitled Treatise on Musical Objects, in which he expounds all his theory on this type of music. He composed several works, all of them based on the technique of concrete music. Among them it is worth mentioning his Estudio para locomotoras (Study for locomotives). -
Born John Cage
John Milton Cage Jr, artistically John Cage, was an American composer, music theorist, artist and philosopher. A pioneer of aleatoric music, electronic music and the non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have applauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. -
Born Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry was a French musician, considered the creator, along with Pierre Schaeffer, of the so-called concrete music and one of the godfathers of electroacoustic music.
