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Is an Ancient Greek inscription that has the oldest musical notation that we have right now. The inscription was found on a pilar in the Greek town of Tralles in 1883. -
The purpose of each song was to teach the word of God to the faithful, so the text was more important than the music. -
He was an Italian music theorist and pedagogue of High medieval music, and he was a Benedictine monk. -
She was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. -
First polyphonic form developed. -
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Occitan troubadour, a figure in Provençal poetry and the main exponent of the trobar leu. Despite being one of the most popular authors of his time, his work was not truly appreciated until it was revived by Romanticism. -
He, along with Perotin, is the first known composer of the polyphonic organum, associated with the Notre Dame School. -
He was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. -
He was the king of Castile from 1252 to 1284. Upon the death of his father, Ferdinand III the Saint, he resumed his offensive against the Muslims and occupied Jerez, Salé, the port of Rabat, and conquered Cádiz. He also confronted the Mudéjar revolt in Murcia and the Guadalquivir Valley. -
He was a medieval French cleric, poet, and composer. He represented the Ars nova movement. And contributed to the development of the motet and secular song. -
Polyphony is perfected and acquires greater rhythmic and melodic complexity. -
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Was a Florentine composer, poet, organist, singer and instrument maker, and a central figure of the music of the Trecento in the Italian peninsula. -
Was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled a much faster rate of printing. The printing press later spread across the world, and led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe. -
Juan del Encina was a Spanish poet, playwright, and composer of the Renaissance, considered one of the founders of Spanish theatre. Born in Salamanca, he was known for his villancicos and églogas that depicted courtly and pastoral life. -
Was a German theologian and the central figure of the Protestant Reformation. Born in Eisleben, Germany, his 95 Theses in 1517 challenged Church practices and sparked a movement that transformed European religion. He also translated the Bible into German, making it accessible to the common people. -
Was a prominent Spanish composer of the Renaissance, considered one of the greatest of his time. His sacred music was admired throughout Europe and widely used in Catholic liturgy. He worked at the Sistine Chapel in Rome, which helped establish his international reputation. -
He was a Spanish Renaissance composer and organist. Blind from childhood, he quickly rose to prominence as a performer and was eventually employed by the royal family. He was the first major Iberian keyboard composer. -
Was an Italian composer of late Renaissance music. With Orlande de Lassus and Tomás Luis de Victoria, Palestrina is considered the leading composer of late 16th-century Europe. -
Was a composer of the late Renaissance. Lasso stands with William Byrd, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and Tomás Luis de Victoria as one of the leading composers of the later Renaissance. -
Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist of the Renaissance, renowned for his work at St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice. His polychoral style influenced Venetian music and later generations. He was the uncle and teacher of Giovanni Gabrieli. -
Maddalena Casulana was an Italian composer, singer, and lutenist of the Renaissance, and the first woman to publish music under her own name. Her madrigals show great technical mastery and expressive sensitivity, making her a pioneer for women in music. -
Was a Spanish composer and priest of the Renaissance, celebrated for his deeply expressive sacred music, considered among the finest of Spain’s Golden Age. -
Giovanni Gabrieli, nephew of Andrea Gabrieli, was a leading composer of the Venetian School. His sacred and instrumental music marked the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque, pioneering innovations in spatial sound and dynamic contrast. -
Prince of Venosa, was an Italian late-Renaissance composer known for his madrigals full of bold chromaticism and emotional contrasts. His life was as dramatic as his music—he famously murdered his wife and her lover after discovering their affair. -
Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer who bridged the Renaissance and Baroque eras. Born in Cremona, he revolutionized music with his madrigals and operas such as L’Orfeo, one of the first great works of the genre. -
Giacomo Carissimi was an Italian early Baroque composer, regarded as one of the founders of the oratorio. Based in Rome, he greatly influenced later musicians. His music combines dramatic storytelling with deep religious feeling. -
Barbara Strozzi was an Italian Baroque composer and singer. A student of Francesco Cavalli, she published more vocal music than any other woman of her century. Her works are known for their expressiveness and refined treatment of poetic texts. -
Antonio Stradivari, known in English as Stradivarius, was an Italian luthier renowned for crafting violins, violas, and cellos of unmatched quality. His instruments are celebrated for their extraordinary sound and craftsmanship, and remain the most valuable in the world. -
Henry Purcell was an English Baroque composer, considered the greatest English musician before Handel. He wrote sacred, theatrical, and chamber music; his opera Dido and Aeneas remains a cornerstone of Baroque repertoire. -
Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian Baroque composer and violinist, born in Venice. Known as “The Red Priest” for his red hair and clerical status, he wrote hundreds of concertos, including The Four Seasons, still among the most popular works in classical music. -
Telemann was a German Baroque composer, extremely prolific and versatile. A friend of Bach and Händel, he wrote thousands of works in nearly every genre. His accessible and elegant style helped pave the way for the Classical period. -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German Baroque composer and organist, born in Eisenach. His music combines deep spirituality with technical perfection. Works such as The Well-Tempered Clavier and St. Matthew Passion make him one of the greatest composers in history. -
Händel was a German-born, British-naturalized composer and a contemporary of Bach. Born in Halle, he became famous for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental music. His oratorio Messiah remains one of the most performed choral works ever written.