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Book of precepts for monks in monasteries. It was a guide for Christians who lived in monasteries.
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Music was firstly transmitted through oral tradition. Neumes were little syllables above the text that showed the contour of the melody (doesn't necessarily show exact notes or rhythm). Guido of Arezzo eventually introduced the Guindonian hand.
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The King of Franks; ruled a large area of Western Europe. He expanded the Frankish state called the Carolingian Empire. He was seen as a public figure that devoted himself to God, and was responsible for the widespread of Christianity and development and flourishment of monasteries.
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Italian music theorist. Invented staff notation that ultimately replaced neumatic notation. Known for the Guidonian Hand, which allowed for musicians to label joints/specific parts of the hand to memorize syllables and intervals.
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One of the first well-known and documented women composer, writer, philosopher, and had many other specialties. She claimed her music was a gift from God.
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Bernart de Ventadorn was a professional trouvere. He was famous during his life, and his songs were poems exchanged about courtly love. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkp2GHBRUiQ
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Leonin: first named composer of polyphonic organum- worked at the Notre Dame school. He compiled the magnus liber organi.
Perotin: Leonin's student. He edited the magnus liber organi. -
Group of composers working in or around the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. School of polyphony. Composer Leonin and his student Perotin compiled the Magnus Liber Organi, a book of organum. Part of a larger era called ars antiqua.
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Active in France (troubadours to the north and trouveres to the south). Music/lyric poets that catered to the noble. Sang about courtly love.
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Period before the Ars Nova. Period in which the Notre Dame school created polyphony.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oaRM1uDsw8. Gregorian chant written for the Mass for Christmas of 1198
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Gregorian chant developed into polyphony (music with two or more musical parts). Different kinds of organums were created.
Parallel Organum: 2 voices sung in parallel motion (typically 4th or 5th)
Free Organum: Added voice can cross using different intervals. The original chant is sung in the lower voice.
Aquitanian Organum/Polyphony: two voices, the lower voice is the "tenor." -
420 musical monophonic poems written with musical notation by Alfonso the Wise. Discusses the Virgin Mary in each song/piece. There are four copies; copy E containing illuminations of musical instruments at the time.