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Foundations of American Education
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
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Colonial Period
The roots of American education were established within this era, and the era circled religion heavily. Colonial schools were established in order to spread the gospel and convert Native Americans to Protestant Christianity. Schooling was only for the wealthy white men, and they reflected the settlers' beliefs and values. Each colony viewed education differently, as well. The Colonial Period began the close relationship between schooling and religion, which we still see aspects of today. -
Grammar Schools
This was the first American high school that only served the colonial high class. The school was a college preparatory designed to help boys prepare to go into the ministry or into law. The curriculum focused around Latin and Greek components, and the school was fairly expensive and could not be attended by most Americans.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Old Deluder Satan Act
This act gave birth to the idea that public education could contribute to the greater good of the whole country. It provided significant legal foundation for the public support of education.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
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Colonial Period: Middle Colonies
Because of the diverse population and different religious beliefs, it was difficult to create school environments that satisfied everyone's needs and beliefs. In order to meet everyone's needs, the colony created specific schools that included the specific study of religion, students learned in their native language, and everyone was taught local religious beliefs. -
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Colonial Period: Southern Colonies
Public schools did not exist, and children would not have gone to school if their parents were not wealthy. Private tutors lived on plantations with the family of the children they taught. -
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Colonial Period: New England Colonies
The New England colonies differed from the other colonies because they were culturally and religiously the same. School groupings were easier and did not require additional classrooms or school buildings because the teachings were the same. Learning to read and write brought people access to God's word through the teachings of the Bible, making people more righteous. -
Academy of Philadelphia
Benjamin Franklin opened the academy as a secondary school that focused on practical needs that colonial America focused on. The academy did not have a focus on Latin and instead incorporated math, navigation, astronomy, bookkeeping, logic, and rhetoric for both boys and girls to choose from.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Native American Treaties
The federal government signed nearly four hundred treaties with Native Americans, providing federal assistance for agriculture, medical care, and education. The treaties lasted until 1870 as assimilation and "Americanization" was increased through the use of boarding schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
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Early National Period
Schools across the country appear similar, but differences appear between regions and states. The separate colonies became the United States of America within this time span, and the country shaped its future through the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The separation of church and state is within the first amendment of the Bill of Rights: no religion should be placed above another. More power was given to the states during this time as well, allowing states to make decisions about schools. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
The Land Ordinance was designed to raise money by selling land in the territories west of the original colonies. The ordinance divided land into townships that consisted of 36, one square mile sections, with the income being reserved for support of public education.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
United States Constitution
The U.S. Constitution was written. -
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Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education
This era is often referred to as "The Age of the Common Man" because it saw common people moving up in the world. Andrew Jackson became president, Westward Expansion provided the poor and landless the opportunity to head West in order to obtain land. Free public schooling became available to most students as well as the land area of the U.S. doubles and the population increased by 19 million people. More opportunities became available for the common man as they worked through the challenges. -
English Classical School
Boston established this free secondary school that was designed to meet the needs of boys not wanting to attend college. English, math, history, science, geography, bookkeeping, and surveying were offered in order to emphasize practical skills. The name was changed to "The English High School" in 1824.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Quill Pens
The use of quill pens required students to dip the quills into inkwells, which was a very tedious and messy task. The fountain pen was a major technological advancement because it allowed students to write more frequently without it being a slow process.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Attending School
African American children has few educational opportunities, so in 1850 4,000 black students in slave states and 23,000 in free states attended schools. This was less than two percent of the African American population.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
National Compulsory School Attendance Law
Horace Mann passed the nation's first compulsory school attendance law, where children must attend school each day that it is provided.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington established this institute as one of the first colleges for African Americans.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
The Committee of Ten
The National Education Association appointed this group to examine high school curriculum and make suggestions regarding standards, programs, and methods. It was concluded that students who did not plan on going to college or any further in education needed content that was the same as those who were going to college.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Separate but Equal
The Plessy Vs. Ferguson case resulted in a justified segregation by claiming that African Americans were receiving different, yet equal treatment under the law. Separate but equal was not working because the "equal" in the phrase was not actually equal across the board.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Education of Asian Americans
The diverse group of Asian Americans experienced discrimination. San Francisco established segregated schools for Asian Americans in 1906. Instruction was in English, which resulted in the court case Law vs. Nichols.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Junior High Schools
The first junior high was opened in Columbus, Ohio for grades seven, eight, and nine. The junior high curriculum revolved around early adolescents and their developmental needs.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
The Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education
This committee was organized in order to change the college-preparatory curriculum to include skills needed for complex jobs. The commission broadened the high school curriculum to include basics with vocational education, personal health, home membership, and civic education. Students would choose which track to follow in school.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Projectors and Filmstrips
This allowed teachers to show still pictures to students while in class.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Overhead Projector
Overhead projectors were used to present information to classes by placing information on transparent plastic to then be projected onto a white screen.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
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The Modern Era: Schools as Instruments for National Purpose and Social Change
This era is characterized by increased national emphasis on education, which people view as the key for individual success and the progress of the nation. The biggest push for increased educational support came after the USSR launched Sputnik. This was seen as the U.S. losing the technology war, so more funding went into the National Science Foundation as a result. More emphasis was put on education, as equal educational opportunities were created within the educational system as well. -
Programmed and Computer-Based Instruction
Programmed instruction focused on forming behavioral objectives, breaking instructional content into smaller units, and rewarding correct responses frequently and immediately. The computer-based drill-and-practice softwares we use today are based around B.F. Skinner's ideas.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Period: to
Educational Television, the Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), and Video Home System (VHS) tapes
VCRs and VHS tapes are familiar to many but are being being replaced by the more advanced DVDs and DVRs. Originally, the VCR and VHS tapes brought the outside world into the classroom
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This Supreme Court case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson by saying that separate schooling facilities are unequal and racially segregated.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
National Defense Education Act
The act was designed to enhance the security of the nation. This was completed by improving instruction in math, science, and foreign languages.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act prohibited discrimination against students not he basis of race, color, or national origin in all institutions receiving federal funds.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Title I
Title I is a federal compulsory program for education that provides funds to supplemental education services for low-income students in elementary and secondary schools. Between 1965-2007, Title I provided more than $210 billion to the nation's school districts.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Head Start
The Head Start program is another federal compulsory program, but it is designed to help 3-5 year old disadvantaged children enter the school system ready to learn.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Handheld Calculators
The large and initially bulky tools paved way for the sleek and sophisticated calculators used in today's math classrooms.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Magnet Schools
These public schools provided innovative and specialized programs were developed to integrate white and minority students. They capitalized on school choice, therefore avoiding problems associated with mandatory busing to achieve racial integration.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Middle Schools
Middle schools were created to target sixth through eighth grade students and designed to meet the social, emotional, and intellectual needs of early adolescents. The focus was on creating stronger student-teacher relationships as well.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Title IX
This gender equity issue resulted in the idea that no person should be excluded from or discriminated from any education program or activity based on their gender.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Lau vs. Nichols
This federal court case ruled that San Francisco school system had violated the rights of Chinese American students. Students should be taught in their first language if that language was not English.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
This act required a free public and appropriate education for all students, including those with exceptionalities and disabilities.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Department of Education
The Department of Education was originally part of Health, Education, and Welfare. Education was considered such an important aspect that President Carter's elevated education to its own position.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Other Changes in Technology
The 2000s was marks the use of streaming video in classrooms, the use of handheld devices, the replacement of overhead projectors with document cameras and chalkboards with whiteboards, and distance learning.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4 -
Hispanic Education
Between 1987-2007, the Hispanic public school population almost doubled.
Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2014). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a Professional (6th Edition). New Jersey, Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-013-402640-4
