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Pestalozzi advocated learning by doing. He published the book "Leonard and Gertrude" about an early laboratory school in Switzerland. He is known for educating the whole child: head, heart, and hands.
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Emile published the book stating where Rosseau believed children were innately good and, in turn, children need a controlled learning environment. This environment should be tailored to the students' interests.
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Herbert believed school should be highly structured in order to prepare students for an active political role in society. He paved the way for unit and lesson plans due to his belief concerning systematic learning and a methodical education.
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Froebel established the first kindergarten. This was made in Germany. He spoke of natural development in children and developed readiness materials for early development.
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Nature versus nurture was incorporated into the education system.
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Dewey started bridging the gap between the idea of a traditional education system to an American education system. This was called "progression" education. He focused on organizing education as student-centered as opposed to teacher-centered.
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Parker definied subject areas.
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A committee of ten delineated five content areas to prepare for college entrance.
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The first physiological studies of school children in New York were performed by Hall. It helped incorporate health and the development of the whole child.
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Binet published the first IQ test.
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The first middle school was established.
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Dewey publishes his book "Democracy and Education." He discusses that schools should be democratic institutions with student involvement.
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The first text on curriculum was written and published by Bobbitt. Due to this, curriculum became a speciality within the field of education.
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The Commission of Reorganization of Secondary Education wrote the seven cardinal principles of secondary education based on Bobbitt's book. These are still in use today.
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The Progressive Education Association was founded.
