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includes the metal process central to a person's ability to male meaning of experiences and take action
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includes all the processes necessary for the physical functioning of the organism and for mental activity
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the average number of years a person can expect to live, based on statistical projections for a specific population
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stability in characteristics and sense of identity
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In this case study, the life of Ruth Hamilton is proven to be well lived and it clearly shows the many key points of her life that made it so memorable. It shows how the important systems were shown through her life. It also displayed how she made meaning of her life and made many memories that she was proud of and were happy to look back on. -
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focuses on the impact of sexual and aggressive drives on the individual's psychological functioning
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includes instincts and impulses/ primary source of psychic energy-- exists from birth
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the idea of an ego as a person's self. all mental functions that have to do with a person's relation to the environment
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this includes both he punishing and rewarding function
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the boundaries between the individual and the environment are much less clear than one might infer from most theories
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The sperm fertilizes the egg and mom becomes pregnant.
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"This large number is necessary to ensure fertilization because most sperm die on the way through the vagina and uterus". (92) -
During Trimester 2, the baby starts to grow hair on its head, eyebrows, and legs/arms
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During the second trimester, the average fetus grows to 10 inches and increases in weight to almost 2 pounds" (100) -
There are 3 stages of labor.
- Begins with the mother starting to feel contractions and ends when she is fully dilated (longest stage)
- This stage begins with full dilation and ends with delivery. (you can see the baby through birth canal)
- This stage starts with delivery and ends with expulsion of the placenta.
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"Birth is initiated by involuntary contractions of the uterine muscles" (102) -
I thought this case study was very special. It is the perspective of a father to be on the day his wife gave birth. It showcases all of the emotions that go through everyone, the feeling of being a parent, and the end of pregnancy. -
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This scale checks the important things, like heart rate and weight, at birth to see how a baby is doing and the kind of care they need.
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Skin-to-Skin Contact between mothers or fathers and their infants This has been proven to have benefits for newborns as well as parents (gives sensory stimulation)
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"Preterm babies who receive Kangaroo Care as well as other forms of gentle touching and massage gain weight faster, have improved temperature regulation" (131) -
PPD is depression that can occur after childbirth. Symptoms can include:
- depressed mood/ severe mood swings
- difficulty bonding
-fear of not being enough
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This provides the earliest link between a newborn and mom. Mom's heartbeat continues to soothe the infant weeks after birth. Newborns prefer their mom's voice over unfamiliar ones.
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"This sound continues to soothing to the infant in the days and weeks after birth" (136) -
By 4 months old, a baby can follow a gaze and by 9 months they can use head-turning cues to follow directions. Visual activity improves rapidly during the 1st 4 months.
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"gazing provides an early and continuing source of information that guides social interactions and learning about the physical environment" (137) -
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He described years 2-5/6 as the stage of proportional thought.
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During this time, simple babbling evolves into the formation of words and simple sentences, eventually growing into more complex language structures.
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"Certain sequences or developmental milestones appear to be quite common among children from many language environments" (189) -
In this stage, toddlers develop a sense of self-awareness and independence
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"the second sense in self-control develops involves toddlers' feelings that they can direct their own behavior" (210) -
intense curiosity and the desire to explore the environment, leading to significant learning opportunities -
children get to create characters and situations that are personal and private to them. The things they create in their mind have very personal meaning
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"They can express and soothe these feelings in the world of imagination" (199) -
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a process through which individuals develop proper attitudes and behaviors towards others in society
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Focuses on the moral reasoning rather than behavior. There are two stages: Heteronomous morality and Autonomous morality.
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Proposes 3 levels of moral development:
1. Pre-Conventional-- Obedience
2. Conventional-- Conformity
3. Post-Conventional-- Social Contract -
the physical and psychological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormone levels, and reproductive.sexual anatomy
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an individual's personal sense of their own gender (may or may not be different than biological sex)
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During this stage, children start a lot more interaction with other kids. They are encouraged through perspective-taking activities and discussions about feelings and consequences
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"Early-school-age children can usually identify the circumstances that may have produced another child's emotional response" (244) -
moral judgments involve evaluating actions/decisions based on learned codes -
Initiative is an expression of agency and innovation. Guilt is the emotion that accompanies the sense that one has been responsible for an unacceptable thought/action
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the ability to reason, form conclusions, and solve problems based on concrete evidence
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with the resolution of the psychological crisis of industry versus Inferiority, a young person's fundamental attitude toward work is established
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He believed that children enter the stage of concrete Operational Reasoning through active construction and experimentation at around the age of 6 or 7 (this is not universally true)
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develop a sense of competence/productivity
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"Parents and teachers may encourage children to get better grades by giving them material rewards" (304) -
feelings of failure an inadequacy, in comparison to peers
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"individual differences in aptitude, physical development, and prior experience result in experiences of inadequacy in some domain" (305)