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Boethius was a well regarded authority on music. He wrote his Fundamentals of Music towards the beginning of the sixth century. Boethius saw music as a science of numbers, and was heavily influenced by the Greek sources.
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Musica Mundana- Music of the Universe
Musica Humana- Human Music
Musica Instrumentalis- Instrumental Music -
Most music before the 9th century was learned through hearing others perform, or sing them, because of the absence of musical notation. Oral transmission even stayed popular throughout the development of notation.
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604-590
Writer and organizer of plainchant. Pope Gregory I founded the first singing school in Rome, Schola Cantorum. Gregorian chant is named after him. -
Established by the late seventh century. A plainsong with a single vocal line in free rhythm and a restricted scale.
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A polyphonic voice setting, expanding on an existing plainchant. First appearing in the 9th century.
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The first definitive reference to notation.
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Neumes were musical symbols that illustrated how a melody was to be sung. They depicted whether the melody was ascending or descending, and could sometimes illustrate rhythm.
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Dialogue added to liturgy
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Latin song from the late tenth through thirteenth centuries., associated with wandering students and clerics known as goliards. Topics vary from religious and moral themes to satire and celebrations of love, spring, eating, drinking, and other earthly pleasures.
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Italian Music Theorist
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Guido of Arrezo developed solmization and staff notation. His -solmization used the syllables "ut-re-mi-fa-so-la"
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1098-1179
German Benedictine abbess and composer. There are more surviving chants from the Middle Ages by her than any other composer. -
A type of Latin song with rhymed, rhythmical text. Normally sacred
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"Song of Deeds" recounted the deeds of national heroes and sung to simple melodic formulas. French
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1150-1201
First known composer of polyphonic organum. -
1155-1200
Composer associated with the polyphonic organum and ars antiqua. -
A form of motet based on a repeating rhythm called the talea. First appearing in the 13th century.
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A short piece of choral sacred music, typically polyphonic. First appeared in the 13th century
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(fiddle) Medieval bowed instrument and predecessor of the Renaissance viol. Five strings tuned in fourths and fifths
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A colllection of cantigas (songs) in honor of the Virgin Mary, prepared under the direction of King Alfonso el Sabio of Castile and Leon. 1270-1290
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1291-1361
French composer and music theorist. Thought to be author of Ars Nova treatise. -
1300-1377
Important composer and poet in fourteenth century France. -
"New Art"
Written by Phillipe de Vitry, demonstrates innovations in rhythmic notation characteristics. -
1325-1397
The leading composer of ballate and the foremost Italian musician of the fourteenth century -
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1390-1453
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1397-1474
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Mobility of musicians allowed musical styles and ideas to be developed across multiple countries
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Counterpoint was an international style that focused on consonant harmonies such as thirds, sixths, and
perfect fifths. Dissonance was limited. Parallel fifths and octaves were avoided. -
Previously only three voices were used. A fourth voice started becoming popular in the 1400's
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1400-1460
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Polyphonic settings of French secular poems originating in the fifteenth century.
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a polyphonic piece of choral music
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A sacred musical composition, often setting liturgy to music
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Early form of the trombone, popular in the fifteenth century
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1420-1497
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A contrapuntal style in English music. A high voice sings a perfect fourth above a plainchant middle voice, with
a low voice singing primarily parallel third under that. -
1430-1492
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1450-1521
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Major sixth between the cantus and the tenor that resolves outward to an octave.
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The isorhythmic motet had nearly died out by 1450
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Okeghem and Busnois extended the range of the voice parts in masses. Each voice extends at least a twelfth
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Music style where alternate musical lines are derived from one original music line. Alternate lines are created
using a "rule". Most commonly, a melodic line in a second voice will come in a certain number of beats after
the first, and same with any other voices. -
1450-1517
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Developed by Spain in the mid-fifteenth century, and was the main bowed string instrument by the sixteenth
century -
1458-1505
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With use of the printing press, music became available to much more people. Printed music was no longer just
a luxury of the wealthy. This also allowed for notated instrumental music. -
Johannes Tinctoris writes this book discussing counterpoint style and the use of new harmonies.
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Bartolome Ramis proposed "just intonation". This was an attempt to make thirds and sixths perfectly tuned.
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"villancico" in Spain
"frottola" and "madrigal" in Italy
"lute song" in England -
Because of notated instrumental music, many genres were allowed to be created. These included:
"variations", "prelude", "tocatta", "canzona", "sonata" -
The most popular household instrument by the sixteenth century
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1526-1594
Leading Italian composer of church music in the sixteenth century -
1532-1594
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Rhymed, strophic translations of vernacular set to a melody. Several issued by the Calvinist church in 1539.
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1543-1623
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Motets written for two or more choirs, becoming popular in the mid sixteenth century
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1567-1643
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A strophic poem in simple melody sung in unison. Originally and primarily used in the Lutheran Church.
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