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Pope Gregory (ruled between 715 CE and 731 CE) reorganized and cataloged Gregorian chants, which are set neumatically and melismatically.
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Earliest form of polyphony is organum.
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Extant in 800s CE, notated c. 1000 CE
- Plainchant melody with added melody.
- Musically sung piece of parallel 4ths and 5ths
- 3rds were not used because they were considered dissonant.
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Credited with inventing the staff, suggested using a red line for F and a yellow line for C.
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First female composer in contemporary musicology to receive extensive scholarly research. Wrote liturgical dramas and religious poetry, famous for her prophetic powers and revelations. She began to compose liturgical music and poetry in the 1140s and wrote down her visions. Music is not Gregorian Chant. Had a wider and higher range, more expressive, more interesting and wider leaps, might have been rhythmic, used poetic texts.
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Cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame. First composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
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From the morality play Ordo virtutum, c. 1152 (“Play of Virtues”). Plainchant from the Mass Proper (Feast for the Virgin Mary)
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Wrote at least 35 poems, 7 survive with music. Killed in battle serving his patron in 1207.
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Compiled by Leonin.
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Cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, may have studied with Leonin.
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Included texts in French, Latin, or both. Focused on 6 rhythmic modes, then very complex between 1320-1400.
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French priest. First composer of the Ars Nova
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New art style, served as a musical composition that could handle radical innovations. Complex rhythms did not last, but resurfaced in the 20th century.
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French priest. Most famous composer and poet of the time. Composed more than 20 extant motets, several extant chansons. One of the first polyphonic mass cycles.
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(The New Art of Notes). Written by Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361), described the Ars nova in the first half of the 14th century. Contained musical examples.
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"Here is Spring." 2 part balleta for voice and instruments.
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Music theorist, composer, poet, and organist; famous because he was blind. Famous Italian composer of the 14th century. *b6 cadence
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Also called "The Black Death," killed over 75 million people.
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Chanson rondeau (ABaAabAB) Modal tonality, no set system of cadences, Machaut added dissonances on the cadences.
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Famous Italian artist, made Bronze statue of David.
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English, but influenced musical style in Europe. Composers who heard his music were impressed by the English quality. 3rds and 6ths were used in the harmonies. His complete works were not published until 1953.
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First Renaissance composer
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Respected composer; low bass.
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Rebirth; new complex currents of thoughts concerning arts, science, religion. Changes in art originated in Italy, musical style came out of England.
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Composer and music theorist, wrote about contemporary music. Wrote the first dictionary of musical terms.
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Famous Italian artist, painted the Birth of Venus (1485-86)
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Attributed to Dunstable, difficult for musicologists to date his pieces.
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Most revered Renaissance composer, especially by Martin Luther.
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Prolific German composer
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From Northern France, served in Italian court. Composed over 100 motets, 17 masses, many French chansons, and Italian secular songs are extant.
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Known for his chansons.
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Artist, painted the Mona Lisa and The Annunciation, moving away from Biblical into Humanistic point of view.
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Dutch scholar-philosopher
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Chorals singing music, rather than soloists on different parts.
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Dictionary of musical terms.
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Artist who created the "Pieta" statue (1499). At the Vatican, Marble.
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Example of imitative polyphonic motet. This style of a capella vocal polyphony begins an era of choral polyphony that characterizes the Renaissance style.
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Artist who painted the "Madonna della Tenda" (1514).
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German religious reformer
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Artist, painted "The Three Ages of Man"
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Father of text expression
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Precursor to the madrigal and Baroque fugue. "Pop music" of the later Renaissance.
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Ottaviano Petrucci was one of the most important early publishers, published 11 volumes of frottola between 1504-1511.
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English composer who wrote a 40-piece monet.
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One of the earliest Italian madrigal composers, worked in French and Italian courts. Composed over 250 madrigals, 125 French chansons, and sacred music.
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Martin Luther begins the Protestant movement known as the Reformation. Lutheranism grew popularity in Norther German cities and new music was written for these services.
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Prolific composer of the Renaissance
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The most famous composer from the Renaissance.
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Composer with posthumous fame.
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Rose to the challenges of the Council of Trent. The church wanted everything homorhythmic and homophonic. Palestrina continued using polyphony, showing he could make any texture understood. Composed over 104 masses. His Pope Marcellus Mass met the religious goals called for the reform.
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Pained "The Allegory of Wisdom and Strength" (1580)
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Originated in Florence circa 1530 as a form of aristocratic entertainment. One voice on each part. Sometimes instruments would play a voice part.
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Used aristocratic poetry and flourished in Italian courts. Spread to England. Instruments participated, but were rarely notated.
First madrigals were homorhythmic and 4 solo voices. 5 solo voices became the norm around 1550; by 1600 no restrictions
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Composer who ranks in importance with Josquin and Palestrina.
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Important Catholic English composer working in Protestant England. Harassed because of his faith. Queen Elizabeth favored him, which offered him protection. Wrote several anthem (hymn, choral). Composed important keyboard music, 3 extant masses and lots of Protestant music.
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The Council of Trent set new guidelines for the Catholic church and musicians.
- Words could be clearly understood.
- They wanted all things secular gone from the church.(No more pub tunes.)
- They wanted the musicians to act in a reverent manner.
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Carries on Palestrina’s style while working in Spain
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Leading composer of instrumental ensemble music and polychoral works in the late Renaissance. Moved to Venice in 1585 to take the position of organist at St. Mark’s Cathedral. Composed over 100 motets (many polychoral) and other instrumental works. Canzonas and sonatas were new genres. One of the first composers to indicate the instruments he wanted in the score, sometimes indicate dynamics. Instrumental music was for ensembles.
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Wrote plays; songs were composed for his plays
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Famous scientist
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Supposedly written to satisfy the Council of Trent for 6 a cappella voices. Polyphonic and homorhythmic.
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Composer who moved music from the Renaissance style to the Baroque. One of the founders of operas, wrote 9 books of madrigals. Used new style involving one voice.
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English composer and organist who lived in London and Dublin. Known for clever word painting.
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Organist of the Early Baroque, influence of J.S. Bach. Worked at St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
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From his large collection called Sacred Symphonies (Symphonies not meaning anything like today, just playing together); 2 choirs of instruments – each in 4 parts:8 musical lines interacting with each other in polyphony, sometimes creating homorhythm. “Cori spezzati” (split choirs) = the practice of breaking up a choir into more parts for more musical lines
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Composed by John Farmer. 4 solo voices, used the word painting device. "all alone," "up and down", in his madrigal.
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Opera was invented in Florence, Italy by the Florentine Camerata.
