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Socrates was an Athenian Philosopher whose questions
and opinions clashed with the current course of Athenian
politics and society. -
Plato ranks among the greatest philosophers of
the world, and is viewed by many scholars as the
most important Philosopher of Western civilization. -
“no one commits an evil act knowingly and doing wrong arises
out of ignorance. If a person lacks moral knowledge, he will only commit moral evil. Sometimes, even though a person has information, he willfully commits a bad act to further his concealed motive. -
In Arabic Philosophy, he was known simply as “The First
Teacher;” in the West, he was “The Philosopher.” -
Plato’s main concern is to challenge the views most people have about goodness, for it is here that they go disastrously wrong in trying to live happy lives. Most people think that virtue is a minor good, or even an impediment to living a happy life. Plato considers this to be incorrect; it is only by being virtuous that we can hope to be happy. -
Aristotle claimed that virtues are learned good practices that help us control our emotions. For example, in reaction to a natural fear, one should cultivate the virtue of courage, which enables one to remain calm in the face of danger or anxiety. Aristotle went on to say that most virtues are found in the middle of a range of severe character qualities. For example, if one lacks courage, he will develop the trait of cowardice; if one has too much courage, he will develop the trait of arrogance. -
Thomas Hobbes believes that human beings are
basically selfish creatures who would do anything to improve
their position. According to Hobbes, people would act on their
evil impulses if left alone for themselves; therefore, they
should not be trusted to make decisions on their own. -
Moral positivism, as envisioned by Hobbes, foresees chaos if laws are disobeyed. We all think that the government's role is to safeguard citizens' rights, uphold justice, and enforce the law. Every country must have someone in charge of managing and administering their affairs. As a result, the creation of laws and the compliance of its subjects are critical to the order and maintenance of peace in a country.
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The word utilitarian is derived from the Latin words
utile bonum or utilis which means usefulness. -
“Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number.” The theory contends that it is the effects of an action, not the motive, that determine whether or not it is right. The goodness or badness of an action is determined by its repercussions or consequences. An action is excellent if and when it produces positive effects, if it works, if it leads to success, and if it helps you achieve your goals. Otherwise, it's a disaster.
