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Period: 16 to 18
THE BAROQUE PERIOD
The Baroque was a cultural period that spanned from the second half of the 1th century to the first half of the 18th century. It spread throughout Europe and Latin America, as well as other regions colonized by Europeans. It was characterised by a pessimistic view of life and the
importance of feelings. -
18
SOCIETY, POLITICS AND RELIGION.
Cultural development in the Baroque period happened in a social, economic,
religious and political depression. A new outbreak of bubonic plague, frequent wars and a
long period of bad harvests suddenly slowed down demographic growth. The lack of food
paralysed commercial development and made social differences more extreme. -
18
SOCIETY, POLITICS AND RELIGION.
The conflict between Catholics and Protestants caused huge differences at the
heart of Europe, too. In Catholic countries spirituality affected all aspects of life, while
Protestant countries gave more importance to individualism and economic success, which
generated the perfect climate for the development of the bourgeoisie. At the same time, a
division was ocurried between absolutist monarchies (France and Spain) and countries
with parliamentary monarchies (England). -
18
CULTURE
The artistic movements were dominated by a pessimistic vision of existence, a
consequence of the Baroque crisis. Realism triumphed, with the main objective of
presenting reality in a truthful and even crude way. Artists wanted their audiences to be
moved by humans’ helpless situation. For this reason, works of art were full of emotion and
artists made use of drama, contrast, movement and over elaborate ornamentation. This period saw great developments is science and arts. -
18
CULTURE
This was largely because
rulers and popes decided to show their power by making their cities and palaces more
beautiful. In the world of science it was thought that the truth could be found through
experimentation and the use of reason. In literature in this period, some of the greatest
works in history were written by important authors such as the English William Shakespeare,
the French Molière and the Spanish Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Calderón de la
Barca. -
444
er
a. En contraste con estas artes estaban las artes mecánicas o oficios manuales: arquitectura,
escultura, pintura y música práctica. En la Edad Media, la espiritualidad era más importante para las artes que la belleza.
Los artistas veían sus creaciones como ofrendas a Dios y su principal objetivo era difundir la
Fe cristiana y demostrar la autoridad de Dios y de la iglesia. -
476
Middle Ages
In 476 the Middle Ages began, it was also the fall of the Roman Empire. -
476
society
Medieval society was divided into three classes:- The clergy: to guide people in spiritual matters.
- The nobility: to govern and defend the territory.
- The common people: to work in agriculture, farming, crafts, trades and commerce. During this period had an important influence on social, scientific and artistic development.
-
Mar 23, 1323
h
El clero estaba en el centro de gran parte de la cultura medieval. Los monasterios y
Las catedrales tenían escuelas que enseñaban a los monjes a leer y escribir, para que pudieran copiar los
manuscritos de los grandes autores. -
Period: Oct 10, 1453 to
The Renaissance
THE RENAISSANCE Modern period began with the fall of the Byzantine empire, in 1453, and ended
with the French Revolution, in 1789. The first centuries brought many changes. After the
Discovery of America, trade routes and colonies were established throughout the world.
Monarchies strengthened their power and laid the foundations of the modern state.
Science made great advances and economic growth meant great social transformations -
May 7, 1465
MUSIC IN THE RENAISSANCE
- THE MUSICAL RENAISSANCE Music was very important to the idual that it developed a lot during this period. It was used as means of transport to disseminate information at important events and public events. Music was an important part of the education of educated people.
-
May 7, 1465
MUSIC IN THE RENAISSANCE
These are the main characteristics of
Renaissance music:
- It is always polyphonic, which means that there are always many voices.
- There is always a balance between the voices. A voice is never emphasized
more than others.
- The rhythm is regular and beats smooth, except in dances.
- The lyrics are very important and music is used to emphasize it. -
Jul 7, 1466
2. TEXTURES OF THE
RENAISSANCE.
Renaissance music developed new textures for various parts, combining them in
different paths:
● Imitative counterpoint: it is a type of polyphonic texture with several similar but
Independent melodic lines that mimic each other, starting one after the other. the
The simplest type is canon. -
Jul 7, 1466
TEXTURES OF THE
● Homorhythmic homophony: In this texture, several melodic lines are played.
simultaneously. The melody lines are similar, all parts play the same lyrics in the
At the same time, they have a similar or identical rhythm and are related to each other.
harmonically. ● Homophony dominated by melodies: In this multi-part texture, there are
a main melodic line that can be clearly identified. The other parties perform the
harmonic accompaniment (usually composed of chords). -
Mar 4, 1467
3. THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
In the Renaissance, instruments began to gain in importance and compositions began to appear in purely instrumental music. An important type of instrumental music was
the dance. Other types of instrumental compositions were the following:
● Compositions based on vocal music: instrumentalists, who usually accompany
vocal pieces, he used them as the basis for instrumental works. The inspired motet
instrumental pieces based on imitative counterpoint, such as tiento. -
Mar 4, 1467
THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
● Compositions with a touch of improvisation: composers began to write any
short improvised piece of good musical quality. The artists used these
pieces to demonstrate your technical skills, usually on keyboard instruments.
The toccata was one of the most important forms. ● Variations: It consisted of the presentation of a brief musical theme followed by some
variations on it (melodic, rhythmic, etc.) In Spain it was called differences. -
Aug 7, 1468
4. RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC.
The two most important forms of Catholic religious music are the mass and the motet.
● Mass. A form of music based on the union of sacred texts that use the Eucharist.
liturgies. One of the techniques used to compose music was called cantus firmus, in
that the composer chooses a pre-existing melody as the basis on which he builds
a polyphonic composition and total mass. -
Aug 7, 1468
4. RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC.
● The motet is a polyphonic composition without accompaniment. In the rebirth
The motets do not overlap with different letters as they used to do in the Middle Ages. -
Feb 1, 1469
4. 1. The Protestant Reformation.
Marthin Luter was the founder of the Protestant Reformation. The result was the separation between his followers, the Protestants and the Catholic Church. The Lutheran. The reform brought several changes to music:
- The music was written in German so that the believers understood the lyrics.
- The creation of the choir, a musical form based on songs with German lyrics that they were sung at the religious service. -
Feb 1, 1469
The Protestant Reformation.
Coral became the most characteristic form
of vocal music in Protestant rituals.
In the Protestant regions, in addition to the corals, the psalms were important. -
Mar 6, 1470
4.2. The Counter-Reformation in music.
The Council of Trent, which inspired the Counter-Reformation, established
strict rules for writing Catholic religious music:
- The songs were sung in Latin.
- Any secular theme was removed.
- The polyphony was simplified and clear so that believers could understand the lyrics. -
Jun 3, 1471
5. SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC.
During the Renaissance, secular music became more important, especially since
humanistic ideas are based on the importance and value of the human being. Composers made
profane music that was complex and of great artistic quality, often accompanied by
instruments.
The most important form was the madrigal, which started in Italy and is a form of
polyphony of four or five voices. It is usually sung a cappella, although it sometimes has
instrumental accompaniment. -
Jun 3, 1471
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC.
Due to the influence of Humanism, the themes of the madrigals
they were related to the emotions of human beings.
Other forms of secular music developed in Europe: in England, numerous
songs were written for a voice with instrumental accompaniment; in France, the same
form (called chanson in French) for various voices with instrumental accompaniment was
very popular.
In Spain, the main characteristics of secular vocal music were the lyrics in Spanish and
strong rhythms. -
Jun 3, 1471
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC.
Some of the main forms developed in Spain are:
● Romance: was based on popular poetic ballads that told both real and fictional things.
stories. It consisted of four different musical phrases and sometimes had instrumental accompaniment.
● Christmas Carol: It is also of popular origin. Its name comes from the melodies that the peasants (villanus) sang in the villages. A Christmas carol consisted of three parts: chorus, verse, and
chorus . -
Jun 3, 1471
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC.
Only one voice sang it, to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument. That
It could also be performed by various a cappella voices. ● Salad: this composition was a combination of different forms, languages and
polyphonic textures. It was a mix of comic and serious themes. It was very popular
at courtly events. -
Jun 21, 1492
Middle Ages
Shortly after the year 1492 was the discovery of America -
CULTURAL
Romanticism is a cultural movement that originated in Germany and the United Kingdom at the end of the 18th century as a revolutionary reaction against the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, giving priority to feelings. It is considered the first cultural movement that covered the map whole of Europe. -
Period: to
CULTURAl
Fausto de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe -
MUSIC
Bach dies. -
Period: to
POLITICS
The Industrial Revolution begins. -
CULTURAL
First encyclopedia publication. -
Period: to
POLITICS
Seven Years' War. -
Music
Around 1770, the style called Sturm und Drang emerged, inspired by a kind of literary proto-romanticism. -
Period: to
MUSIC
Ludwig van Beethoven -
CULTURE
Burney's "History of Music" publication -
POLITIC
French Revolution -
Period: to
MUSIC
Early romanticism -
Period: to
POLITIC
spanish war of independence -
CULTURE
Beginning of the War of Independence -
Period: to
CULTURE
Zorrilla -
MUSIC
Giacomo Paccini -
Period: to
CULTURAL
The three Carlist wars broke out between liberals and absolutists. The First Carlist War or War of the Sevens was a civil war that took
place in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlists,
determined by the infant Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an
absolutist regime, and the Elizabethans, defenders of Isabel II and
of the regent María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was
originally moderate absolutist and ended up becoming liberal to
obtain popular support. -
Period: to
CULTURE
The novel 'María', by Jorge Isaacs, 150 years of the classic Spanish-American Romanticism. -
MUSIC
The musical romantic period lasted from 1820 to 1914, for which the most used instrument was the piano, where composers such as Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, Schubert dedicated themselves to composing an extensive repertoire based on sonatas and concerts. -
Period: to
POLITICS
First World War -
POLITICS
The discovery of penicillin