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In 1955, Rudolf Flesch published "Why Can't Johnny Read", which tore apart the whole-word approach to education at the time. He wanted a return to a phonics based literacy education- which began the Phonics and Decoding Movement. The next reading war. Society for Classical Learning. (2023, January 30). https://societyforclassicallearning.org/the-next-reading-war/
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This act was created around closing the poverty gap in education- including reading and writing. This act still is being updated and changed to this day. ESEA timeline. National ESEA Association. (n.d.). https://www.eseanetwork.org/about/esea
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The "Simple View of Reading" theory involved two basic components: decoding and and language comprehension.
The formula: Decoding (D) x Language Comprehension (LC) = Reading Comprehension (RC) Farrell, L. (n.d.). The simple view of reading. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/about-reading/articles/simple-view-reading -
Linnea Ehri set out four phases that elementary children go through in developing word recognition. These four stages are: Pre-Alphabetic, Partial Alphabetic, Full Alphabetic, and Consolidated Alphabetic. Ehri, L. (2023, October 19). Phases of development in learning to read and spell words. American Federation of Teachers. https://www.aft.org/ae/fall2023/ehri
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In the year 2000, the phonics approach finally rose fully above the whole-word method after the US Congress released National Reading Panel's report. The next reading war. Society for Classical Learning. (2023, January 30). https://societyforclassicallearning.org/the-next-reading-war/
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This act put stricter processes in place to make sure that schools were held responsible for the academic progress of students. Klein, A. (2025, April 14). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04