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During this period the music had a divine origine and it was very vinculed to the religion
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This period started because of the fall of the Roman empire. During this period the monasteries became the centers of culture. The music was vinculated to the religion.
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The term Gregorian chant generally refers to a type of plain chant, simple, monodic and with music subordinated to the text used in the liturgy of the Catholic Church, although it is sometimes used in a broad sense or even as a synonym of chant. flat. The Gregorian melody acquires its definitive form from the 9th century, during the heyday of the Carolingian dynasty and, precisely, with the Frankish king Pepin -
Guido of Arezzo, in Italian, Guido D'Arezzo, was an Italian Benedictine monk and musical theorist who constitutes one of the central figures of the music of the Middle Ages along with Hucbaldo. His fame as a pedagogue was legendary in the Middle Ages and he is remembered today for the development of a notation system that specifies the height of the sound through lines and spaces, as well as for the diffusion of a sight-singing method based on the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. -
The troubadour movement arose in the South of France at the end of the 11th century and quickly spread throughout Europe. In Spain it had special relevance in the area of Galicia, where the songs will be called "cántigas". -
Saint Hildegard of Bingen, belonging to the Order of Saint Benedict, was a German holy abbess and polymath, active as a composer, writer, philosopher, scientist, naturalist, physician, mystic, monastic leader and prophetess during the middle ages. Also known as the Sibyl of the Rhine and the Teutonic Prophetess, she is also one of the most famous composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history. It is also considered by many experts as the mother of natural history. -
Bernart de Ventadorn, also known as Bernart de Ventadour, was a popular Provençal troubadour, composer and poet. -
The Ars antiqua was created by the three theoretical musicians of the second half of the 12th century: Franco of Cologne, the master Lambertus and Petrus de Cruce. In the Ars antiqua the forms of the organum, conductus, motet, cantilena and hoquetus were used. This is a type of polyphony. -
Léonin, along with Perotín, the first known composer of polyphonic organum, related to the School of Notre Dame. French composer, poet and teacher. In the year 1150 and until 1160 he was administrator of the cathedral in Paris. In 1192 he was ordained a priest at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. -
Perotín, called in French Pérotin le Grand or in Latin Magister Perotinus Magnus was a French medieval composer, who was born in Paris between 1155 and 1160 and died around 1230. Considered the most important composer of the School of Notre Dame de Paris, in which the polyphonic style began to take shape. -
Alfonso X of Castile, called "the Wise", was king of the Crown of Castile and of the other kingdoms with which he was entitled between 1252 and 1284. On the death of his father, he resumed the offensive against the Muslims. In 1264, it had to face a major revolt by the Mudejars of Murcia and the Guadalquivir valley. As the son of Beatrix of Swabia, he aspired to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, a project to which he dedicated more than half of his reign without success.
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Guillaume de Machaut was a French medieval clergyman, poet, and composer. His projection was enormous and he is historically the maximum representative of the movement known as Ars nova, being considered the most famous composer of the 14th century. He contributed to the development of the motet and secular song. -
The Ars Nova was officially created around 1320, the date of the drafting of the treatise Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry, which advocated a new and groundbreaking art. During this time the polyphony was perfected and acquired rhythmic and melodic complexity. The forms of the Ars Nova are the canon, the ballad and the chanson. -
Francesco Landini or Landino was an Italian composer, organist, singer, poet, instrument maker, and astrologer. He was one of the most famous and admired composers of the second half of the 14th century and without a doubt the most famous composer in Italy. -
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With the arrival of the fifteenth century in Europe there were great social, cultural and religious transformations that gave rise to a new era, the Renaissance. It was called the Renaissance because it was intended to revive the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
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The fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, which occurred on May 29, 1453, was a historical event that put an end to the last vestige of the Eastern Roman Empire and that, in classical periodization and according to some historians, also marked the end of the Middle Ages in Europe. -
Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press. The creation of the printing press was very important for the music, so they could wrote it. -
The stylistic characteristics of Renaissance music are its polyphonic texture, which follows the laws of counterpoint, and is governed by the modal system inherited from Gregorian chant.
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Juan de Fermoselle, better known as Juan del Encina —in the current spelling of his name— or Juan del Enzina —in the spelling of the time—, was a poet, composer of secular music and playwright of the Spanish Renaissance at the time of the Catholic kings. -
Martin Luther, born Martin Luder, was an Augustinian Catholic theologian, philosopher, and friar who began and promoted the Protestant Reformation in Germany and whose teachings inspired the theological and cultural doctrine called Lutheranism. -
Antonello da Messina. This artist is not Venetian but from Sicily, but it is he who is considered to have introduced the Flemish oil painting in Italy and to have influenced Bellini and other Venetians in such a way that he is the one who caused the birth of this school, the Venetian school with imprint own 1487. -
During this period, we can distinguish some of the most popular artistic periods, such as, the Renaissance, the Barroc, the Classicism or the Romanticism.
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Discovery of America is the name given to the historical event that occurred on October 12, 1492, consisting of the arrival in America of an expedition from the Iberian Peninsula led by Christopher Columbus by order of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragon. -
In the sixteenth century the custom began, in southern Europe, of castrating children who had gifts for music and particularly fine voices, to prevent the subsequent transformation of their voices. The Italian church began to use these Castrati voices and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. -
European thinkers and politicians sought to provoke a profound and generalized change in the uses and customs of the Catholic Church, the movement will later receive the name of Protestant Reformation, due to its initial intention to reform Catholicism. -
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina fue un compositor italiano renacentista de música sacra y el representante más conocido de la Escuela romana de composición musical del siglo XVI. -
Charles V was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna on February 24, 1530. He was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by a pope. -
Maddalena Casulana was an Italian composer, violin player, and singer of the late Renaissance. She was the first female composer to have an entire exclusive volume of her music printed and published in the history of Western music. -
The Catholic Church tried to recover the lost territory against the different Protestant churches that emerged from the preaching of Luther. Its objectives were to renew the Church and prevent the advance of Protestant doctrines. -
Cristóbal de Morales Spanish Catholic priest and chapel master being the main representative of the Andalusian polyphonic school and one of the three greats, along with Tomás Luis de Victoria and Francisco Guerrero, of the Spanish polyphonic composition of the Renaissance. -
Elizabeth the first became queen in 1558. She was the last of the Tudor dynasty. The coronation of Elizabeth I as queen of the Kingdom of England took place in Westminster Abbey, London, on January 15, 1559. -
Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza, was an Italian composer, one of the most significant figures in late Renaissance music with intensely expressive madrigals and pieces of sacred music with a chromatism that will not be heard again until the end of the century XIX. -
Antonio de Cabezón was a Spanish Renaissance organist, harpist and composer. -
Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer, viola player, singer, choir director and priest. He composed both secular and sacred music and marked the transition between the polyphonic and madrigalist tradition of the 16th century and the birth of lyrical drama and opera in the 17th century. He is a crucial figure in the transition between Renaissance and Baroque music. -
Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Uncle of perhaps the most famous composer Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers. He had great influence on the spread of the Venetian style both in Italy and Germany -
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Orlando di Lasso, also known as Orlandus Lassus, Roland de Lassus, Roland Delattre or Orlande de Lassus was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Along with Palestrina and Victoria, he is considered one of the most influential composers of the 16th century. -
The Baroque was the golden age of music. Music became the protagonist of the great social events. -
The Baroque was the golden age of music. In the courts of Europe, music becomes the protagonist of the big events.
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Giacomo Carissimi was one of the most important Italian composers of the early Baroque and one of the main representatives of the Roman School. His compositions include cantatas, motets, masses and oratorios. -
Opera is a dramatic and musical work in which singing, dance and instruments take part. -
Tomás Luis de Victoria was a Catholic priest, chapel master and famous polyphonic composer of the Spanish Renaissance of the religious music. He has been considered one of the most relevant and advanced composers of his time, with an innovative style that heralded the imminent baroque. -
Giovanni Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist, born and died in Venice. One of the most influential musicians of his time, he represents the culmination of the Venetian school, taking part in the transition from Renaissance music to Baroque music. -
Barbara Strozzi was an Italian Baroque singer and comooser. During her lifetime, she published eight volumes of his own music and had more secular music in print than any other composer of the day. This was achieved without any support from the Catholic Church and without the constant patronage of the nobility. -
Henry Purcell was an English Baroque composer. Considered one of the best English composers of all time, he incorporated French and Italian stylistic elements into his music, generating his own English style of Baroque music. -
Antonio Vivaldi was an italian composer, violinist and teacher. He stood out as a composer of instrumental music with a clear use of contrast, thus fleeing from monotony. Vivaldi established the structure of the concerto in three parts. His best known work is the four violin concertos entitled "The Four Seasons". -
Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer, although his work also had characteristics of early classicism. He is considered the most prolific composer in the history of music. -
Georg Friedrich Händel was a composer of German origin, although he developed most of his career in England where he achieved great prestige. He worked for the British court composing works that contributed to giving solemnity to the acts presided over by the king. His operatic compositions, suites and concerts stand out. -
Johann Sebastian Bach is considered the great figure of the Baroque era, he was a German composer and organist who created works of both instrumental and vocal music. Bach worked as a court musician where he composed great works such as the Brandenburg Concertos. -
He was a bohemian composer. He is considered one of the most important classical opera composers of the second half of the 18th century. -
Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer. He is one of the greatest representatives of the Classical period, as well as being known as the "father of the symphony" and the "father of the string quartet" thanks to his important contributions to both genres. He also contributed to the instrumental development of the piano trio and the evolution of the sonata form. -
Antoni Stradivari was the most prominent Italian luthier. The Latin form of his surname, Stradivarius, is used to refer to his instruments. He is without a doubt the most famous maker of stringed instruments in the history of music. -
Período artístico que abarca la segunda mitad del siglo XVII y las primeras décadas del siglo XVIII. La música clasicista está basada en la claridad, sencillez y equilibrio de todos sus elementos.
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Maria Ana Mozart, nicknamed Nannerl, was a famous 18th century musician. She was the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the daughter of Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart. -
He was a composer, pianist, conductor and professor of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, master of Classicism, considered one of the most influential and prominent musicians in history. -
Maria Theresia von Paradis was an Austrian pianist and composer. Despite the fact that she had completely lost her sight since she was three years old, this was not an impediment to the production and work of this great pianist, singer and composer from not failing to stand out. His contributions were fundamental for the musical education of his time, especially for the blind. -
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and piano teacher. His musical legacy covers, chronologically, from Classicism to the beginnings of Romanticism. He is considered one of the most important composers in the history of music and his legacy has had a decisive influence on the subsequent evolution of this art. -
He was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces, and some sacred music. He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring from large-scale composition while still in his thirties, at the height of his popularity. -
Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer. He was the first great lieder composer. He composed more than six hundred. In addition, he was the promoter of intimate concerts and musical meetings to enjoy music called like him. Among his main works are the Quintet La trucha, the Unfinished Symphony, the Great Symphony. -
He was a German composer, conductor and pianist of romantic music, and brother of fellow pianist and composer Fanny Mendelssohn. Mendelssohn's works include symphonies, concertos, oratorios, overtures, incidental music, piano music, organ music, and chamber music. He also played an important role in the revival of interest in the work of Bach. His essentially conservative musical tastes set him apart from many of his more adventurous contemporaries, such as Liszt, Wagner or Berlioz. -
He was a Polish teacher, composer and virtuoso pianist, considered one of the most important in history and one of the greatest representatives of musical Romanticism. His wonderful technique, his stylistic refinement and his harmonic elaboration have historically been compared, for their influence on later music, with those of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms and Franz Litz. He mainly composes short and small pieces such as preludes, polonaises or nocturnes. -
He was a German composer, conductor, poet, essayist, playwright, and music theorist of Romanticism. His operas stand out mainly. He was the highest representative of the German opera. He created the concept of musical drama and incorporated the letmotiv technique. Some of his most important works are Tristan and Isolde or Tannhäuser. -
She was a German pianist, composer and piano teacher. She was one of the great European soloists of the 19th century and her career was key in spreading the compositions of her husband, Robert Schumann. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence on a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital from exhibitions of virtuosity to programs of serious works. -
The Industrial Revolution or First Industrial Revolution is the process of economic, social and technological transformation that began in the second half of the 18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain, which spread a few decades later to much of Western Europe and Anglo-Saxon America. and that concluded between 1820 and 1840. -
The musical romantic period lasted from 1820 to 1914, which is why the most used instrument was the piano, where composers such as Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, Schubert, dedicated themselves to composing an extensive repertoire based on sonatas and concerts.
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He was a composer born in Bohemia, a region that in the musician's lifetime was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer in the development of a musical style that was closely linked to Czech nationalism. For this reason, he is recognized in his country as the father of Czech music. He is internationally known for his opera The Sold Bride and for the cycle of symphonic poems Má vlast ('My homeland') that depict the history, legends and landscapes of the composer's homeland. -
He was a German romantic composer, pianist and conductor, considered the most classical of the composers of that period. Born in Hamburg to a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna.Brahms composed for symphony orchestra, chamber ensembles, piano, organ, and voice and choir. He was a pianist and premiered many of his own works. He worked with some of the leading artists of his time, including the pianist Clara Schumann and the violinist Joseph Joachim. -
He was a Russian composer, member of the group "The Five". His works include the operas Boris Godunovand Khovanshchina, the symphonic poem A Night on Bald Mountain and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. Musorgsky was an innovator of Russian music. in the romantic period. He strove for a uniquely Russian musical identity, often deliberately challenging the established conventions of Western music. Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and otherthemes. -
He was a post-romantic composer from Bohemia, one of the first Czech composers to achieve worldwide recognition and one of the great composers of the second half of the 19th century. He frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the example of his predecessor, the Romantic-era nationalist Bedřich Smetana. -
He was a German composer, pianist and music critic of the 19th century, considered one of the most important and representative composers of musical Romanticism.
Until 1840, Schumann composed exclusively works for the piano. Later, he wrote for piano and orchestra and many lieder. He composed four symphonies, an opera, and other orchestral, choral, and chamber works. His best-known works include Carnival, Symphonic Studies, Children's Scenes, Kreisleriana, and Fantasy in C. -
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini, better known simply as Giacomo Puccini, was an Italian opera composer, considered among the greatest, of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a visionary, creator of the music concepts that would govern cinema during the 20th century. -
He was an Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor whose works are considered, along with those of Richard Strauss, the most important of post-romanticism. He entered his efforts in the symphonic form and in the lied. -
Claude Debussy was a French composer, one of the most influential of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. -
He was a Finnish composer and violinist from the end of Romanticism and beginnings of Modernism. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and through his music is often credited with helping Finland develop a national identity during its fight for independence from Russia. -
He was a French composer and a leading figure of Romanticism. His best known work is the Fantastic Symphony, premiered in 1830. He was also the creator of the romantic symphony. -
Arnold Schönberg was an Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter of Jewish origin.
He is recognized as one of the first composers to delve into atonal composition, and especially for the creation of the twelve-tone technique based on series of twelve notes, opening the door to the subsequent development of serialism in the second half of the s. xx. In addition, he was the leader of the so-called Second Vienna School. -
Joseph Maurice Ravel was a 20th century French composer. His work, often linked to Impressionism, also displays a bold neoclassical style and, at times, expressionist traits, and is the fruit of a complex heritage and musical discoveries that revolutionized music for piano and orchestra. -
Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composer of musical nationalism, one of the most important of the first half of the 20th century, and one of the most important Spanish composers of all time. -
Béla Bartók was a Hungarian musician who stood out as a composer, pianist and researcher of Eastern European folk music. He is considered one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. -
Igor Stravinsky was a Russian composer and conductor and one of the most important and momentous musicians of the 20th century. -
Zoltán Kodály was a prominent Hungarian musician whose musical style first passed through a post-Romantic-Viennese phase and later evolved into its main characteristic: the mixture of folklore and complex harmonies of the 20th century AD. C., shared with Béla Bartók. -
He was a Romantic Austro-Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, piano teacher, arranger, and Secular Franciscan.Liszt became famous throughout Europe during the 19th century for his great skill as a performer. His contemporaries claimed that he was the most technically advanced pianist of his day and perhaps the greatest of all time. He was also an important and influential composer and a notable piano teacher. -
He was a Brazilian conductor and composer. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and European classical music. He designed a complete system of music instruction based on the rich musical culture of Brazil and rooted in a deep and always explicit patriotism. He composed choral music for large children's school choirs, often based on adaptations of folk material. -
He was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He is the author of some of the most famous classical music works in the current repertoire, such as the ballets Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, the Romeo and Juliet fantasy overture, the First Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, his Fourth, Fifth and Sixth symphonies and the operas Eugene Oneguin and The Queen of Spades. -
He was an American musician, composer, and pianist. He is popularly recognized for having managed to make a perfect amalgamation between classical music and jazz, which is evidenced in his prodigious works. His best-known works include the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris, the songs "Swanee" and "Fascinating Rhythm," the jazz standards "Embraceable You" and "I Got Rhythm," and the opera Porgy and Bess. , which included the hit "Summertime." -
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian romantic opera composer, one of the most important of all time. His work serves as a bridge between the bel canto of Rossini, Donizetti and Bellini, and the current of verismo and Puccini. In his early operas he showed sympathy for the Risorgimento movement, which sought the unification of Italy. He also participated briefly as an elected politician. -
He was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin, who lived during the final years of the 19th century in Vienna. An enthusiastic follower of Richard Wagner, he got involved in the existing disputes in Vienna, at that time, between Wagnerians and formalists or Brahmsians. He was a very enthusiastic person, but also very unbalanced.
He stood out in the genre of the "song" (lied), in which he published several anthologies of poems grouped by the name of the poets from whom they were taken -
He was a Norwegian composer and pianist, considered one of the main representatives of late Romanticism. He adapted many themes and songs from his country's folklore, thus helping to create a Norwegian national identity, just as Jean Sibelius did in Finland or Antonín Dvořák in Bohemia. His most important works are: the piano concerto in A minor, the intimate Lyrical Pieces. -
He was a Russian composer, conductor, and pedagogue, member of the group of composers known as The Five.c Considered a master of orchestration, his best-known orchestral works—the Spanish Capricho, the Great Russian Easter Overture, and the suite symphony Scheherazade—are valued among the main ones in the classical music repertoire, as are the suites and fragments of some of his fifteen operas. Scheherazade is an example of his frequent use of fairy tales and folk themes. -
Olivier Messiaen was a French composer, organist, educator and ornithologist, one of the most outstanding musicians of the entire century. His fascination for Hinduism, his admiration for nature and birds, his deep Christian faith and his love for instrumental color were essential for his formation as a person and artist. -
Pierre Schaeffer was a French composer. He is considered the creator of concrete music. He is the author of the book titled Tratado de los objetos musicales, where he exposes all his theory on this type of music. He composed different works, all of them based on the technique of concrete music. Among them, it is worth highlighting his Study for locomotives. -
John Cage was an American composer, music theorist, artist, and philosopher.2 Pioneer of random music, electronic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments -
Pierre Henry was a French musician, considered the creator, along with Pierre Schaeffer, of the so-called concrete music and one of the godfathers of electroacoustic music. -
Joaquín Turina was a Spanish composer and musicologist who represented nationalism in the first half of the 20th century.